My Reference & Education Topics

The Fascinating Force of Gravity

2008-07-02T07:55:00.001-07:00

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by apple1165

ISAAC NEWTON, about 300 years ago, theorized how gravity works. He imagined a man throwing an object from the top of an unusually high mountain. If simply dropped, the object would fall, as would an apple, downward to the ground.

If, however, it was thrown forward, it would follow a curved path in falling to the ground. Newton then reasoned that if thrown fast enough, it would circle the earth in an orbit.

From this theorizing, the link between gravity and the movements of the moon and the planets became apparent to him: the moon bound in an orbit around the earth because of the pull of earth's gravity and the planets kept in their orbits by the sun's gravity.

A Universal Law

After careful study, Newton formulated a precise mathematical description of this universal law. Simply stated, Newton's equations said that all objects, small or large, exert a pull on one another, the strength of that pull being dependent on how massive the objects are and on the distance between them.

With some refinements, scientists still use Newton's basic formulas describing gravity, particularly in planning such space ventures as sending a space probe to encounter Halley's comet in 1985. In fact, English astronomer Edmond Halley, a colleague of Newton, used Newton's theories to predict the year when that comet would next appear.

Newton's discoveries about gravity gave him a glimpse of the order manifest in the universe, an orderliness that arises through intelligent design. But his work was by no means the final word on the subject. At the beginning of this century, scientists came to realize that some aspects of Newton's theories were inadequate, even inconsistent.

Einstein and Gravity

In 1916 Albert Einstein put forward his general theory of relativity. His amazing discovery was that gravity not only shapes the universe but also governs the way we see and measure it. Why, gravity even affects the way time is measured!

Again, an illustration helps clarify matters. Imagine space to be like a boundless rubber sheet. Now, placing an object on this flexible mat will cause a dimple, or depression. According to Einstein's description, the earth, the sun, and the stars are like objects on a flexible mat, causing space to curve. If you roll another object onto the rubber sheet, it will be deflected into a curved path by the depressed area around the first object.

Similarly, the earth, the planets, and the stars move along curved paths, following the natural "depressions" in space. Even a beam of light is deflected when passing near massive objects in the universe. Furthermore, Einstein's equations predicted that light traveling against gravity would lose some of its energy, as noted by a slight shift in color toward the red end of the spectrum. Physicists call this phenomenon gravitational redshift.

Thus, besides clearing up the discrepancies arising from Newton's discoveries, Einstein's theory revealed new secrets of how gravity works in the universe.

Fascinating Effects

The ability of gravity to affect the way light travels gives rise to some astonishing consequences that astronomers have observed.

Desert travelers have long been familiar with mirages optical illusions that have the appearance of water shimmering on the ground. Now, astronomers have photographed cosmic "mirages." How is this?

Light from a distant object, believed to be the active nucleus of a galaxy and called a quasar (or, quasi-stellar object), passes intervening galaxies in the line of sight from the earth. As the light passes the galaxies, it is bent by gravitational forces. The bending of the light forms two or more images of the one quasar. An observer on earth, thinking that light has come straight toward him, concludes that he is seeing more than one object.

Another fascinating aspect arising from Einstein's work concerns black holes. What are they, and what is their connection with gravity? A simple experiment serves to answer.

Try throwing an object above your head. You will notice that it rises to a certain height, stops momentarily, and then falls back to the ground. With light it is different. A beam of light can escape from earth's gravity because it travels fast enough.

Suppose now that the force of gravity was much stronger, strong enough to prevent even light from escaping. From such an object, nothing could escape. The object itself would be invisible because no light could escape its gravity and reach the eyes of an outside observer, hence the name black hole.

The German astronomer Karl Schwarzschild was the first to demonstrate the possibility, in theory, of black holes. Although there is, as yet, no unequivocal proof that black holes really do exist in the universe, astronomers have identified a number of possible candidates. Black holes may also be the hidden powerhouses of quasars.

Gravity Waves

On the basis of Einstein's work, we can also picture gravity as an invisible web, linking everything and holding the universe together. What happens when that web is disturbed?

Consider again the illustration of the rubber sheet, and suppose that an object on the sheet is suddenly jostled to and fro. The vibrations generated in the sheet will disturb nearby objects. Similarly, if a star were violently "jostled," ripples in space, or gravity waves, might be generated. Planets, stars, or galaxies caught in the path of a gravity wave would experience space itself contracting and expanding like a rubber sheet vibrating.

Since these waves have not as yet been detected, what proof do scientists have that Einstein's theory is correct? One of the best indications comes from a star system known as a binary pulsar. This consists of two neutron stars in orbit about a common center, with an orbital period of about eight hours. One of these stars is also a pulsar it emits a radio pulse as it rotates, like the sweeping light beam from a lighthouse. Thanks to the precise timing of the pulsar, astronomers can map the orbit of the two stars with great precision. They find that the time of orbit is slowly diminishing in exact agreement with Einstein's theory that gravity waves are being emitted.

On the earth, the effects of these waves are infinitesimal. To illustrate: On February 24, 1987, astronomers spotted a supernova a star undergoing a spectacular transformation, blazing forth with the brilliance of millions of suns as it blew off its outer layers. Gravity waves produced by the supernova would cause, on the earth, a shiver in dimension of only a millionth of the diameter of a hydrogen atom. Why so small a change? Because the energy would be spread out over a vast distance by the time the waves reached the earth.

Baffling

In spite of great advances in knowledge, certain fundamental aspects of gravity still baffle scientists. It has long been assumed that there are basically four forces the electromagnetic force responsible for electricity and magnetism, the weak and the strong forces acting within the nucleus of the atom, and gravity. But why are there four? Could it be that all four are manifestations of a single fundamental force?

Recently it was established that the electromagnetic force and the weak force are manifestations of an underlying phenomenon the electroweak interaction and theories seek to unify the strong force with these two. Gravity, however, is the odd one out it does not seem to fit in with the others.

Scientists hope that clues may come from recent experiments performed in the Greenland ice sheet. Measurements made down a one-and-a-quarter-mile-deep [2,000 m] hole bored in the ice seemed to indicate that the force of gravity differed from what was expected. Previous experiments, performed down mine shafts and up television towers, likewise indicated that something mysterious was causing deviations from the predictions of the Newtonian description of gravity. Meanwhile, some theoreticians are trying to develop a new mathematical approach, the "superstring theory," in order to unify the forces of nature.

Gravity Vital for Life

The discoveries of both Newton and Einstein demonstrate that laws govern the movements of heavenly bodies and that gravity acts as a bond holding the universe together. A professor of physics, writing in New Scientist, drew attention to the evidence of design in these laws and said: "The most minute change in the relative strengths of gravitational and electromagnetic forces would turn stars like the Sun into blue giants or red dwarfs. All around us, we seem to see evidence that nature got it just right."

Without gravity we simply could not exist. Just consider: Gravity holds our sun together, sustaining its nuclear reactions, which supply our needed heat and light. Gravity keeps our spinning earth in orbit around the sun making day and night and seasons and prevents us from being thrown off like mud from a spinning wheel. Earth's atmosphere is held in place by gravity, while the pull of gravity from the moon and the sun generates regular tides that help circulate the waters of our oceans.

Using a tiny organ of our inner ear (otolith), we sense gravity and learn to take it into account from infancy when walking, running, or jumping. How much more difficult it is for astronauts when they have to cope with zero-gravity conditions in spaceflight!

Yes, gravity contributes to making life on earth normal for us. It is, indeed, a fascinating example of our Creator's "wonderful works." Job 37:14, 16.

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Willie Never Had Braces

2008-07-01T11:32:00.001-07:00

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by Missing Link

Willie never had braces, but it didn't impact his brilliant smile. The woman facing me across the table had lots of them, shiny and silver and they made her draw her lips and wipe her tongue across the front of them sometimes when she talked. Her blonde hair and her thirty-something blue eyes flashed as she made her case. She was at my meeting to argue for some of the Title I money. She wanted it for her child's school. She puled and she whined and she insisted that it was unfair for her child to be so deprived.

I found her attitude of entitlement repugnant. Here was a woman of privilege fighting for the scraps meant for the underprivileged. Here was a woman who measured all children as equal once they were inside the school house door. Here was a woman who probably spent more on her elaborate wedge hair cut than many families in poverty spend on a week's groceries. Her rings flashed and her bracelets jingled as she elaborated on the flawed federal law that restricted Title I money to the poorest schools.

I wanted her to know what she didn't know. I wanted to teach her about poverty and about how children aren't all equal when they arrive at school. So I told her about Willie.

I was a teacher years before in an inner city school and I taught fourth grade the year that Willie was in my class. My school was in the inner city and served children from one of the most poverty stricken areas in California, it was called North Richmond. This is a place that white people did not go if they knew what was good for them. It was a sad, desperate and violent place where drugs and gangs prevailed in a hideous cycle that killed most of the males and enslaved anyone who didn't find a way out. Willie lived there with his mother and his younger brother and sister.

Willie was a special kid and I pray for him still today. I trust that God saved Willie, because I was powerless to do so. He was a great kid, smart, and a good writer. He was on the school wrestling team and like most of the kids in that neighborhood Willie was a tough guy. But he wasn't mean.
One day Willie suddenly stopped coming to class. His absences continued for about two weeks and when I inquired at the office about Willie I was told that he had been picked up by Protective Services. It seemed that Willie's mother had disappeared and left the children. Willie's mother was a crack addict. I looked into the eyes of Miss Braces as I told the story and she was clearly unmoved and disgusted about the crack habit. I could imagine the valium in her purse tugging at her mind.

I went on to explain that I knew Willie's mother cared about her children. Despite being an obvious addict, this woman had kept her appointment with me for the annual parent teacher conference, she had come in with impenetrable black glasses and she sat in a chair opposite me. She sat turned away from me, with her back to me, and I imagined that she did so out of shame at her condition. She was skeletal and extremely lethargic, but she came, and she sat and she talked about her son Willie. She cared about his future, but she deeded his future to the school and to me.

Willie was discovered two weeks after his mother left. He and his brother and sister were continuing to live in the apartment alone. Throughout that two week period Willie continued to come to school. He continued to get his younger siblings to school. He fed them and he cared for them and he waited for his mother to return. He did this in spite of the fact that the power was turned off. Willie was an intelligent little boy. He knew that a neighbor had a credit account down at the corner grocery store. So Willie charged groceries to that account to feed his brother and sister, he bought candles to give them light to do homework, Willie knew how to survive. But the neighbor discovered what was going on and why. That's when Willie and his little family were picked up.

Most of the people in the room had tears in their eyes when I told this story. But not Miss Blonde in Braces, she was merely content to let the topic drop. But she was clearly annoyed that she'd been outflanked by a story about a poor little boy who lost his mother to crack.

It was a powerful truth in the room that Miss Blonde in Braces didn't feel the story, would not allow Willie's life to penetrate her arrogance. Willie had to skirt the gangs on the way to school. Willie had to steal to feed his brother and sister. Willie got his homework done in spite of his mother being high or simply absent. Willie was a lot stronger than most kids but he didn't start at the same starting line as the children born of Miss Braces. Willie started several laps behind her children.

Title I is meant to raise the opportunities inside the school house door for children like Willie. Schools can't change home circumstances but additional resources can enrich what happens at school. Kids like Willie deserve some help from those of us with enough money for cosmetic orthodontics and expensive haircuts. The Willies of this world didn't choose their life circumstances. If Willie's neighborhood got him, if he succumbed to drugs or violence, we all lost someone special.

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Austin Childrens Museum

2008-06-23T11:57:00.001-07:00

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by Dane Smith

Austin families are lucky indeed to have a facility such as the Austin Children's Museum. With 7,000 square feet of interactive and educational permanent exhibits, inventive traveling features, story-times and public events, this museum serves as a hub of Austin's family community.

Upon entering, kids are delighted to board a scaled down Austin Metro bus. Sitting in the driver's seat or holding a strap in the passenger section, this exhibit is cleverly planned to distract the kiddos as the adult pays admission and learns about the day's events. Other permanent exhibits include the dairy cow, an oversized milk-cow statue with a looping video about dairy farming, with a doll-house sized barn and toy cows to play with. The Rising Star Ranch provides a wonderfully varied sensory experience especially designed for the under-two set, while the Tinkerer's Workshop allows older kids to experience creating their own structures by inventing, designing, building and testing their ideas.

This being Austin, music is emphasized in the amazing Austin Kiddie Limits. Fun for all ages (including adults), this room is a kid-oriented interactive version of the acclaimed live music television show Austin City Limits. With toy instruments, cowboy hats and other costume pieces, a stage and a video monitor, kids can play along with their favorite Austin musicians including Willie Nelson, Lyle Lovett, Miss Lavelle White, Asleep at the Wheel, Kelly Willis, Flaco Jimenez, and Toni Price. The best part is that the kids can see themselves on the video monitor, making it a real rock-star experience.

Their program offerings include something for every age group. Baby Bloomers is a weekly opportunity for kids under three to explore the entire facility with only toddlers and their caregivers in the museum. Discovery Time offers daily, hands-on activities that enhance the permanent and changing exhibits. Storytime, held in their large foyer, is offered for different age groups, and often includes music making, bubble blowing, and other interactive elements.

Gallery programs include the popular Wednesday Community Night, featuring different performances, storytelling, music and activities, and Science Sundays, featuring hands-on activities led by real honest-to-goodness scientists. Checkout the Childbloom guitar program for a cacophonous and hilarious take on combining story telling with accompaniment by the kids, or the Austin Keyboard Orchestra program to learn how to build and play an instrument.

Located in downtown Austin the Austin Children's Museum is centrally located for people in different areas of the city. It is also located close to other Austin attractions like Zilker Park the famed bat bridge so that visitors can see a number of fun Austin attractions in an afternoon.

The Austin Children's Museum offers camps during the summer and spring break, for ages 4 to 10. They offer seasonal programs including the popular Gingerbread House workshop in December. The facilities are available for birthday (and other kids of) parties, including sleep-over parties. Special events can also be held on the premises.

With a stated goal to help Austin's kids and families become more creative, more inventive, and more competent, the Austin Children's museum combines fun and education in a world-class facility.

Ki lives in Austin and enjoys the local music scene. He works as a realtor in the Austin real estate market. He also regularly writes on his blog about updates on Austin Texas real estate. His site features a graphical search of the Ausin MLS.

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Encino Personal Injury Attorney: Assessment, Law and Legal Help

2008-06-19T05:15:00.001-07:00

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by Claysphere Rivera

"Motorcyclist dies after crashing into bridge", a familiar event that is not novel in our society today. The introduction may appear bluntly shocking, but it is not!

In almost all jurisdictions, this crippling situation is quite uncommon, as a fact, it is too all unavoidable. Most particularly, in Encino City-located in the greater Los Angeles, this classic personal injury involvement regularly happens or in a different scope, a non-issue.

With the never-ending growth of personal injury incidents in this part of Los Angeles, the Personal Injury Lawyers of the Encino City deemed best to make an assessment with these concerns. In addition, the attorney will give their input respecting the law and the travails in claim settlement and court trials as well legal formula for winning.

Assessment of Personal Injury involvement

As per record, all areas covered under the concept of Personal Injury have gained a mark in all injury related incidents in Encino City. A few of these events relates, car accident, hospital errors, industrial accidents and slip and falls.

The assessment has far gone to find that many of the injured victims has no real knowledge regarding their respective rights to claim for compensation and damages against the culprit. In effect, the injured was left with dilemma regarding how to be reimbursed for medical bills, loss of earnings and for other damages suffered.

With all the right information gathered, the Encino Lawyers continue by giving brief illumination of the law covering Personal Injury including the necessary legal information ascribed to the term, thus:

Personal Injury Law and Civil Lawsuits

Personal injury laws, commonly referred to as torts, are brought about by physical injury or mental anguish caused by actions or negligence of another party. Personal Injury is a broad legal concept that covers auto accidents, product defects and medical malpractice to name just a few.

The basis for legal responsibility for accidental personal injury or damages through the fault of another, the court looks for negligence or carelessness by one of the parties involved. The one to have been more negligent is the one legally responsible for at least part of the damages incurred.

To have more detailed account for this one, contact a Personal Injury Attorney in your area for clear lights.

Legal formula for winning

When confronted with personal injury legal battle, you may want to consider settling your claim or file constitutive case in court. Both avenues are permissive and sanctioned by law. Both has pros and cons.

Deciding which avenue to take is not always easy, especially when you just came from a crippling injury. With the help of Personal Injury Attorney, every nothing can be impossible.

For better formula in winning your personal injury battle, take this as a guide.

1. First thing, hire a qualified Personal Injury Attorney to represent you in you claim or case. Choose an attorney who has the following features:

one who specializes in personal injury who have extensive experience in the field of personal injury
One who keep current with the latest developments in personal injury law
One who has considerable experience in dealing with insurance companies, especially the one who has proven record of ending successful negotiation
Choose a personal injury lawyer with trial experience
Choose an Attorney who knows how to communicate your claim or cause of action to the court

2. The victim should not be passive on things, especially in protecting their rights. Be proactive in defending your rights. In your injury involvement, take turns of gathering enough materials or information to substantiate your claim or causes of action.

3. Another thing, the victim should be proactive in preserving his right, which means that the victim should not sleep with your rights. Make a timely move to ventilate your concerns so that compensation for your injuries can be approximated at the earliest.

As a final word, personal injury phenomenon is hard to prevent, much more to avoid. It is a serious matter that needs a delicate consideration and given ample importance, especially when life is on hand. In order not to dampen your aspiration to receive fair compensation, think quickly and respond intelligently. To increase your chances of winning your injury claim or case, take this as your valuable guide as prepared by the Encino personal injury lawyers.

Our experienced personal injury lawyers are knowledgeable in accident laws and other related issues. To consult with our expert Los Angeles attorneys, you can log on to our official website and avail of our free case evaluation.

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A Texas Zip Code Map: Cheap Teaching Aid

2008-06-18T05:34:00.001-07:00

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by Ashley Lichty

Geography in a classroom setting seems to be less of a priority in the curriculum then it used to be. Particularly when it comes to younger teens having the ability to read and understand maps and their symbols. It's likely that many high school teens in Texas and other areas would not be able to use a Texas zip code map, or any other type of map, to easily plot a route from their town to another. Throw a good GPS into the mix or access to the Internet for driving directions, and all bets are off.

Although technology seems to be slowly phasing out atlases, road maps and other physical maps, it's unlikely that the pictorial representation of areas is going anywhere. When you log on to get directions online you get not only the step by step directions themselves, but also a map to highlight the route. Even GPS navigational systems utilize a map to show an actual demo of the route suggested. So while many people may not be able to take a road map and plot a course, they definitely like the ability of watching it plotted out on a map for them as they program their GPS.

Regardless of how navigational advances may make most physical map-reading antiquated, and comprehension of map symbols and legends unnecessary, it's still a very important part of any child's education. Learning the language of "giving directions" is an important part of any culture, and map reading is an important part of basic literacy. Let's not forget that a teacher's tool like a Texas zip code map is an easy way to get children familiar with their own areas an safety precaution as well as educational measure.

Possibly the best thing about utilizing a Texas zip code map in Texas classrooms is how inexpensive it is for teachers. Most teachers have to pay out of pocket for additional supplies and aids necessary in quality education. A zip code map of Texas can be purchased online for under $20. It's available instantly for download and can be kept forever and printed out as often as the educator needs.

Another favorable aspect of the Texas zip code map is that it isn't as cluttered and detailed as globes and atlases. Elementary school children take one look at a map with every single little road, creek, river, highway and feature of the landscape depicted on it and their minds go blank it's information overload. A Texas zip code map simply includes major roads and landmarks, as well as zip code borders.

The map can be printed at a local copy shop or even right in the school. If the school has a good computer system and projector, or even an overhead transparency, then printing may be unnecessary. It's also more environmentally friendly, which is always a good lesson for today's youth. However, it's probably best to give each child their own Texas zip code map for whatever tasks, games or homework assigned.

Whatever lessons used to teach young children geography and map comprehension, they need to engage the child. A Texas zip code map can even be purchased by county so that you can get into more detailed areas. It will help children to become more familiar with their state, town and neighborhood and in some cases, knowing how to read a map and knowing your neighborhood can be just as important as a child memorizing their phone number and address. It also strengthens literacy and communication skills at the same time. When it comes to visual aids for geography, a Texas zip code map gives the teachers the best of both world: it's cheap and engaging for their students. Lesson learned!

You can get more information on a Texas zip code map, or zip code maps in general by checking out ZipCodeGuy. Ashley Lichty works part time as creative coordinator, content developer and promoter of ZipCodeGuy.com. She has a background in marketing with an emphasis in PPC advertising, SEO and copywriting.

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The Environmental Benefits of Shredding Paper

2008-06-17T05:44:00.001-07:00

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by Tom Simmons

Shredding paper is not only a safe and secure way of preventing valuable information from getting into the hands of the wrong people. It is also a great way to contribute to helping the environment.

Shredding companies will recycle whatever paper they've shredded, allowing your garbage to be used again instead of wasting space in a landfill. Also, by recycling the shredded paper, you help prevent the destruction of more virgin forest normally used to produce more, non-eco-friendly paper.

And if you don't use a shredding company, shredded paper can still be put to better use than un-shredded paper. Enough shredded paper can be used as a substitute for Styrofoam peanuts when packing products. Not only is this cost-effective, but the shredded paper is less harmful to the environment than the Styrofoam. Shredded paper can also be composted rather than thrown into a landfill. Composting helps break the paper down naturally. And, of course, you can always still recycle the paper yourself.

By shredding paper instead of throwing it out, you open up numerous environmentally healthy alternatives to disposing of it rather than simply throwing it in the dumpster.

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Get the Most Out of Homeschool Field Trips

2008-06-16T04:47:00.001-07:00

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by GoldenTell

People would look at me horrified, and I would be mystified to justify that while we did not have a prim skill program, that my kids got stacks of knowledge instruction through arena trips and probing Internet searches. Field trips allow knowledge to be experiences instead of trained. Try to wait in context with what you are studying in other subjects. For instance, when we were studying early American History, we went to see the Titanic Exhibit. Besides the stumble reinforcing what they were wisdom about the historical proof of the significance, they also learned about rust and the knowledge of oodles and stresses that ultimately caused the send to sink. Mentally cook your children for the tumble. After deciding an exhibit to stay, seek for education activities that the children can do to make themselves for the stumble. For example, the Titanic Science Website has a 60 page boo let download with related hands on activities. My family went to the records and check out a team of historical biographies of people who had been on the ship, and a book based on the excavations of the Titanic. Timing is everything. Try to go on province trips when large groups are slightest possible to be there. I have found that schools holiday exhibits in the morning from 9 am pending lunch time and the universal broadcast visit exhibits in the sunset and weekends. The means the lunchtime hour through about 4pm are idyllic epoch to get exhibits all to manually. This means you will also have the tour guides to yourself.

Ask many questions. If there is a tour handbook presented, encourage your children to ask many questions to persuade their curiosity. If there are, no tour guides write down questions they come up with, and use the exhibit to explore and determine the answers for your questions. Look up remaining questions on the internet when you get home. Do admire-up studies after the spree. When I say do hunt up studies, I do not mean read a book and take an exam. What I like to do is let the children purchase a souvenir book, as they typically repress all the facts. I let them explore it at their leisure, and I find that will stay to confer the stumble for at slightest a month. Plan the next voyage. I try to give three weeks to a month between science exhibits. The gives children time excitedly to prepare for the spree and then to explore the business for a while on their own after the outing. When their discussions of the voyage are winding down, I know it time to graph the next pasture trip.

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Irish Language

2008-06-13T05:10:00.001-07:00

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by Mairead Foley

So where did the Irish language come from you might ask? Well, it's believed it was the Celts who first brought an early form of Gaelic to Ireland. It was a Celtic language closely related to Scottish Gaelic and Manx Gaelic (spoken in the Isle of Man). The earliest form of primitive Irish in Ireland can be seen on ogham stone inscriptions around the 4th century. Modern Irish evolved around the 16th century and up until the 19th century, Irish was widely spoken in the country.

Nowadays, if you want to hear Irish people speaking in their native tongue, then you'll have to go to Gaeltacht areas when in Ireland. Gaeltacht areas are places in Ireland (mainly in the west) where the Irish language is still the everyday spoken language of the local people. Gaeltachts are not only Irish speaking areas, but are also the places where Irish customs, traditions, folklore, song, music and dance are very much kept alive. Most Gaeltacht speaking areas have summer schools where Irish is taught to students, while you might also stumble across some beginners classes if you want to learn the basics.

The biggest Gaeltacht area in Ireland is in County Galway. If you happen to be in this part of Ireland, go west of Galway city to an area called Connemara and you'll discover a land where it feels as if time has stood still. A landscape of unspoilt scenery, quite country roads, bogs, valleys, uncrowded and unpolluted sandy beaches is what you'll find here.

You'll also find Irish customs, traditions and the language at the very heart of the community. The Aran Islands off the coast of Galway are also part of the Irish speaking Gaeltacht. You might also be lucky enough to hear Irish spoken in Galway city, where you see bilingual signs and names of shops still in Irish.

Ireland's second largest Gaeltacht area is in County Donegal in the very north west of Ireland. Fringed by the Atlantic Ocean, Donegal is a county of outstanding natural beauty. The Gaeltacht can be found mainly in the west of the county, so head to areas like Fanad, Gweedore, Glencolmcille, Tory Island and Aranmore Island.

The Gaeltacht area in County Mayo is also quite extensive. If you want to visit an Irish speaking area here, then head for the little picturesque towns of Carrowteige, Aughleam and Tourmakeady.

The Gaeltacht area in County Kerry can mainly be found on the Dingle Peninsula, the most western tip of Europe. This rugged peninsula has some of the most spectacular scenery. It's jammed packed with about 2,000 archaelogical sights, picturesque villages, a coastline dotted with islands, beaches, cliffs and a vibrant town with its own resident dolphin!

Head west of Dingle town to areas like Ventry, Dunquin, Ballyferriter, Ballydavid and the Blasket Islands to hear the locals converse in their native tongue.

If you happen to be in west County Cork you can explore one of four Irish speaking communities. Ballyvourney is a picturesque little village which can be found just inside the Cork/Kerry border. Not far from Ballyvourney you can visit two other Irish speaking areas, namely Ballingeary and Coolea. Clear Island off the south coast of County Cork is a charming little island where Irish is also spoken as the everyday language.

The only Gaeltacht in the south east of Ireland can be found in County Waterford. The Irish language, culture and traditions are very prevalent here in an area known as Ring (An Rinn) and Old Parish (An Sean Phobal). To find this Gaeltacht area just drive about 10km south of Dungarvan town.

In the royal county of Meath, you'll find two little pockets of Irish speaking communities Rathcairn and Gibbstown (about 70km from Dublin). The history of these two Irish speaking communities is quite different to others, in that they were formed when Irish speaking families from Connemara were resettled here back in the 1930's.

Experience a Gaeltacht area for yourself when you visit Ireland and maybe learn some 'cúpla focal' (Irish words). Gaeltacht areas are the last remaining unique and special parts of Ireland where there is a distinctive "Irishness" to be seen. So if you really want to get a feel for the Irish language and culture, put a trip to one of these Gaeltachts on your itinerary.

Check out GoIreland.com for more articles on Irish culture.

Mairead Foley writes for Ireland travel website GoIreland.com

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Audio Books for Children - The Benefits

2008-06-12T05:57:00.001-07:00

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by suegold

Joining writing and math, reading is one of the most significant skills a child will encounter in school. Unfortunately, it is also one of the leading subjects most often dreaded and difficult to get youngsters to show an interest in. However, an increasing amount of parents and teachers are now discovering the ease and convenience of using audio books as a powerful learning tool.

Audio books present reading in a whole new light, as authors, professional actors, sound effects, and entertaining music bring to life the words that decorate the pages of books. Some of the most involved audio books for children assemble an entire cast of character voices to enhance the overall experience of reading along with audio.

Creating a Relationship with Words

As a child hears a book read on tape, they enter a journey where words seem friendlier and more approachable. The possibilities of reading become clearer, as an audio book is great at illustrating where learning the skill can really take you. A young reader is also more apt to establish a pattern of concentrating on the sounds of words without the interruption of personal reading obstacles. An audio also helps create the building blocks necessary for fluent reading.

Improved Listening Skills

Since audio books are read aloud, a significant understanding and exposure to the art of listening is cultivated. The skill of listening plays an important role in learning how to read better and is an ability that goes hand and hand when training to tackle a wide range of reading materials. As a result, a child's level of comprehension also becomes nurtured.

Create a Growing Interest

Today, a great deal of students shows little to no interest in reading because they've received minimal exposure to the positive and fun aspects of books. Audio books for children most often highlight interesting sound effects, catchy tunes, and changes in voices that are appealing and motivating for young readers. The combination of different voices, silly dialogue, and a playful presentation provides children of varying ages encouragement for a growing interest in what they can accomplish when learning how to read.

Audio books also allow narrators to enhance the storytelling aspect of a tale to present reading as a source of enjoyment rather than a forced skill taught in school. It is through this entertaining journey that children become excited and enthusiastic about the reading process, as they learn a deeper understanding of language, pronunciation, and the meaning of words.

Building a Vocabulary

A child is most likely to learn new vocabulary words by listening to their favorite stories on an audio book. Young readers additionally begin to develop a familiarity with common words and phrases that ultimately make learning how to read a much easier process to navigate.

Fun with Family and Friends

When friends gather together to listen to an audio book, the possibilities of a blossoming imagination are truly never ending. Just as Barbie dolls and action figures allow kids to explore their creativity through playful dialogue and actions, an audio book can accomplish the same thing. This learning tool also makes a great activity that can involve the entire family. A great example is seen when traveling down the open road, as audio books can help keep the peace amongst passengers on long trips to Grandma's house or family vacations.

About the Author: Steve Childens is owner of Audio Books Galore, an Audio Books Download Store online. At Chris's audio-book store, you can get quality Discount Audio Books at special prices.

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The Insight21 Project

2008-06-11T06:39:00.001-07:00

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by josefgraf

Earth Vision has launched a new project entitled Insight21 - answers for the 21st Century. The website presents various topics that entail front-runners in the need for answers for social and environmental issues. Some of these treatments include Waldorf Education, Biodynamic gardening, Anthroposophical Medicine, as well as various wisdom-centered perspectives form the deep pool of anthroposophical material and the lectures of Rudolf Steiner.

For the past year, Earth Vision has been active with its mandate to reach beyond environmentalism by presenting nature in the light of spiritual ecology.

The coordinator of the Earth Vision project is a seasoned explorer of wilderness, and researcher of Rudolf Steiner's anthroposophy. Josef Graf contends that the environmental movement is becoming increasingly unable to address the issues of the day, and that a deeper perspective is needed. Citing the formidable output of Steiner, in which spiritual science effectively overtakes material science, the author asserts that spiritual ecology serves as an indispensable adjunct to material ecology.

The Earth Vision website uses the vehicle of eco-spirituality to explore the interweave between humanity and nature. Through excerpts from five books, each with a distinct approach, the viewer gains access to the wilderness within:

- a travelogue across North America;
- a calendar of nature and soul through the seasons;
- a global perspective of spiritual ecology down through the ages;
- a gallery that explores art, color theory, and the nature-soul dynamic;
- and a compendium of humor in the biography of Hebert Returns to America.

In addition to books, the EV project releases a seasonal, in-depth article addressing a current environmental issue - on topics such as the disappearing honeybees, the end of real estate, and the return of bison and wolf.

Humanity's impasse in the face of nature calls for extraordinary resolutions. Earth Vision provides an entry to one of those forums. In the words of Dorothy McLean, noted co-founder of Findhorn, "I read Earth Vision with delight. . . and appreciated the emphasis on humans sharing whatever qualities nature has. . . the words, and the spirit that shines through them, cannot but help people to expand their awareness."

The Earth Vision website presents spiritual ecology as a means of highlighting the nature-human relationship. In a bid to take readers to a deeper place with nature, the Earth Vision project diverges from the voice of the intellect, and enters into a language that speaks at the core of being, a poetic, non-cerebral voice that interlaces strands of nature with the human experience.

By means of condensed language, and with full existential bearing, spiritual ecology presents two doorways that lead, ultimately, to the same forum of discovery. The first approach, by penetrating into nature's core, arrives at a place where the human soul is discovered to be dwelling. The second approach entails the inverse of the first - penetrating into the human soul until the numerous aspects of nature are encountered.

As the author of Earth Vision, I express my sense of why spiritual ecology is not more widely and consciously lived into by suggesting that our connection with nature is so close - it could not possibly be closer - that we have difficulty discerning it. When you are one with something, it takes a special exercise in self-reflection to ascertain that something.

Josef Graf is the coordinator of Insight21 and Earth Vision - presenting answers for the 21st Century.

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Fun Science Projects are here

2008-06-10T05:00:00.001-07:00

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by melonie

Fun science projects -- there are no shortage of project topics. But choosing the right project can make the difference between an ordinary or an extraordinary project. The secret is choosing a project in a science topic that excites the student. In choosing a topic that interests them, they will enjoy the work involved and will find that needed commitment to completing it. There are hundreds, perhaps thousands of different topics out there for the student to choose a science fair project. The most popular subjects are life science, earth science and physical science. Other popular topics include health, computers, biology and chemistry.

If your child is a computer nerd then he or she may very well enjoy a project about the internet, about search engines or other aspects of the computer. There are many places to look for science fair project ideas about computer science. You could look it up on the internet, as well as doing some library research. Many projects have been done about which search engines give the most results, which search engines are faster, and similar topics.

Science fair projects in the earth science and environmental sciences are very popular today. With the advent of global warming, students who want to help save the world for future generations may be interested in these subjects. You could do projects on air and water pollution, on acid rain, on erosion and similar ideas. Here are some great ideas for earth science projects. Discovering Dinosaurs, Earth's Waters, Earth's Changing Surface, Exploring Stars, About our Planet, the Solar System, Living Earth, Volcanoes, and Weather Maps. Other subjects could include the Continental Drift, Avalanches, Earthquakes, the Grand Canyon, Living Fossils, and the Ice Age.

If the student is interested in becoming a doctor or a nurse, then maybe a health science fair project would be the right subject. The student could do research on disease, the use of pharmaceuticals and generic drugs, high blood pressure and countless other subjects.

For those who want to be the next famous chemist, a science fair project in the field of chemistry would be in order. This will require some equipment, laboratory procedures, and good discipline. The field of chemistry is so broad that the student should have little trouble finding a satisfactory project. Chemistry is a science that systematically studies the composition, properties, and activity of organic and inorganic substances and various elementary forms of matter. It is the scientific study of matter, its properties, and interactions with other matter and with energy. Its procedures are systematic and reproducible and its hypotheses are tested using the scientific method.

Isaac Newton is a role model for students who wish to do a science fair project in the field of physics. You will also need good discipline and usually require some special equipment. Physics projects can be simple or complex to suit the grade level. Physics is all around us. It is in the electric light you turn on in the morning; the car you drive to work; your wristwatch, cell phone, CD player, radio and television. It makes the stars shine every night and the sun shine every day, and it makes a baseball soar into the stands.

Physics is the science of matter, energy, space, and time. It describes the many forms of energy--such as kinetic energy, electrical energy, and mass--and the way energy can change from one form to another. It describes a malleable space-time and the way objects move through space and time.

There are many fields of physics such as mechanics, electricity, heat, sound, light, condensed matter, atomic physics, nuclear physics, and elementary particle physics. Physics is the foundation of all the physical sciences--such as chemistry, material science, and geology and is important for many other fields of human endeavor: biology, medicine, computing, ice hockey and television.

Science fair projects in the field of biology would be best suited for students who want to deal with living things. Biology is the scientific study of life. In biology we examine the structure, function, growth, origin, evolution, and distribution of living things. Biology classifies and describes organisms, their functions, how species exist and the interactions they have with the environment.

The word biology is derived from the Greek words /bios/ meaning /life/ and /logos/ meaning /study/ and is defined as the science of life and living organisms. Aspects of biological science range from the study of molecular mechanisms in cells, to the classification and behavior of organisms, how species evolve and interaction between ecosystems.

No matter what the interest of the student, there a science fair project perfectly suited to their particular tastes. There is just no sense in selecting a project by default. The student should spend some time considering his or her interests and then find the project that they will really enjoy doing. Science fair projects are not just about learning but should also be about having fun!

Visit fun science projects you'll loveit!

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Job for the IT savvy

2008-06-06T06:24:00.001-07:00

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by Shen Gerald

Are you an IT savvy person? If you are, the following careers may be suitable for you.

1. Video Game tester. The Game Tester plays and evaluate video game before they are release into the general public.

2. Computer Software Developer. Computer software development is the job of writing, testing, troubleshooting, and maintaining the source code of computer software programs. This source code is written in a programming language. The computer software programmer is an expert in Computer programming.

3. IT system administrator. A system admin maintains the network's hardware and software. They also analyze problems and monitor networks to ensure their availability to users.

In life we have to work towards our goals. It is not just enough to hold onto a hope. We have to make the necessary decisions and take the appropriate actions towards the attainment of our aim. Therefore, even when one understands what he likes and wants to be, he must still work towards realising his dream.

Job interviews are the door way to a good job existence. As such it is really crucial. The following are some tips for presenting good appearance for job interview.

1. sit properly.

2. Don't trudge. Instead stride

3. Avoid pulling a long face

4. Put on your spectacles

Well, that is all for the article. Thank you for reading

The author runs Job Lense - list of careers, a career website which features many career profiles. The Database analyst job profile is included.

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USA Immigration Lawyer Services

2008-06-05T06:32:00.001-07:00

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by Reva Cruz

The services offered by immigration lawyers in the USA are of great assistance when a person makes a decision to immigrate to the USA. Experienced immigration lawyers can determine the most suitable visa category for you. They offer you an interactive, innovative, and easy-to-use questionnaire that asks for all the basic facts and information required to start your visa process.

Immigration lawyer services in the USA are available for:

Family-based visas
Work visas and marriage visas
Green cards
Executive transfers
Fiancée visas
Citizenship and administrative appeals
I-751 petitions to remove conditional residence
Mergers & acquisitions
Adjustment of status
Employer regulatory compliance

In addition to the above, the lawyers assist with investor visas, litigation and appeals, consular processing, permanent residence, student visas, and global visas. They also handle naturalization procedures of foreign nationals who wish to become US citizens, and legal issues associated with refugees. They advise clients on employment verification, government audits and investigations. Additionally, they obtain green cards for clients and advise them on strategic ways to obtain them fast.

USA immigration lawyer services eliminate the burden and hassle of immigration paperwork. These lawyers assist companies and individuals with the complete visa application process that includes professional determination of the most suitable visa category and the accurate preparation of visa application. They carefully evaluate your circumstances, then select and prepare a visa application suitable for your requirements. After completing a thorough evaluation of your visa application, they accumulate it with all the required documentation and submit the application to appropriate government agencies for approval. Before you are called for an interview with the immigration officer, the lawyers offer you expert advice on how to handle consular interviews.

Immigration lawyers help a number of clients ranging from multinational executives to treaty investors, software professionals, researchers and scientists, as well as artists, athletes, entertainers and fashion models. For those who are seeking employment, they give employment guidance.

With the support of the latest online visa processing technologies, immigration lawyers and law firms in the USA offer fast, secure and economical immigration services.

Reva Cruz is an immigrant lawyer. John Roth & Associates have successfully completed over 8000 K visa and marriage visa petitions. What's more, our total number of K-1 visa, K-2, I-130 K-3, K-4 and other fiancée and marriage related visas exceeds 12,000.

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About MP3 Audio Books

2008-06-04T08:07:00.001-07:00

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by suegold

What is an MP3 player's primary function? To play music, of course, would be the answer. Well, yes, but that doesn't mean that an MP3 player cannot perform other functions. Nowadays these smart players can be used to play different file formats, viewing photographs, videos and even playing games. But the very fact that they play MP3 files can make them versatile enough. MP3s need not necessarily be songs only.

This intelligent file format has been found to be incredibly useful for other purposes too like MP3 audio books. However not all MP3 players are suitable for listening to audio books. If you are in the market for a player and are interested in audio books then there are certain things you need to be aware of.

First you should be aware of how much memory your player has and how much it can be expanded to (if it can be expanded at all.) This is an important feature anyway as the amount of storage space you have on the player will also help determine the price and, therefore, whether it fits your budget or not. Flash memory is used on most MP3 players. Some have slots for memory cards like MMC and SD/Mini SD/Micro SD. If you want to listen to MP3 audio books on your device then you should try and get as much storage capacity as possible. A minimum of 128MB is needed for some audio books.

Another thing you should check out is the maximum volume that the MP3 player can support. How loud a player can play will be an important feature as it will determine whether or not you can hear the audio book being played in noisy situations like most public spaces. Some MP3 players do have a feature that limits the volume so you might want to give these a miss if you are focusing on MP3 audio books. Test the volume at the shop before you commit yourself to a purchase.

Finally, perhaps, the most important feature an MP3 player needs to have in order to be audio book friendly is to be able to resume from wherever you left off. MP3 audio books are long MP3 files which you probably will not listen to all at one go. Therefore you will want to resume listening to the book file from the point you stopped at. Therefore your MP3 player needs to be able to do that rather than just return to the beginning of the file which can be extremely frustrating. Not all MP3 players can do this so you should check to see whether the one you are buying can or not. First stop and resume, then stop, switch off before switching on and resuming play. Also try replacing batteries.

MP3 audio books are a good idea and keeping them on your personal MP3 players can help you spend time on your commute, journey, gym or anything in a nice, relaxed manner. So go ahead and download, you might even win a free MP3 player!

Author, Steve Childens is owner of the website that offers you MP3 Audio Books. At this site you can get great discount audio books by top publishers at special low prices.

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About Discount Audio Books

2008-05-29T03:24:00.001-07:00

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by suegold

Audio books over the past ten years or so have grown into one of the most popular ways of disseminating information. Owing to the fact that not many people have the time to sit and go through books these days, audio books are the best possible alternative. Most people these days do not have access to any public library because they are fast waning. Some, even if they do, hardly have the time to visit them to hunt for books they would like to read. Therefore, nothing suits them more than books that are delivered to them at their doorstep. Discounted books in the audio format are an additional bonus.

Several online audio book providers are willing to ship their resource of audio books to you at a discount. Like books that are borrowed from a library, these need to be returned after use. The best part is that these books can reused, that is to say, they can be listened to more than once while they are with the users. Whether or not an audio book online library is willing to give you the entire book in the audio format at once is a mater of internal policy for that particular site. While sites like booksfree.com deliver their books in full irrespective of the number of discs they will require to ship in all, there are other sites that break up massive books into manageable parts and ship only one part at a time, on demand.

It is important to understand how these online audio book libraries work. The site of which you are e member will contain a queue of your audio books. This means that the books that you wish to order can be queued up so that when you return the previous books you ordered, the next one on your list can be immediately mailed to you, without any delay. Another advantage of maintaining a queue is that, the discounted audio books that you want will almost always remain in stock because you have been queuing them up for a long time. Therefore, you will almost never experience delay just because the book that you wished to have has been lent out to some one else and therefore could not be given out to you.

The audio book rental services found online are ideal in many ways. They let you access a wide range of books in the audio format. Another plus point is that they allow you to choose the format of audio that suits you best - be it cassettes or CDs. They charge only a very nominal amount, allowing to you get your stock of audio books at highly discounted rates. They are also very useful if you have to play and replay them if you are listening to something very important and have not been table to jot it down in your notes.

Author, Steve Childens is owner of the site where you can get top publisher audio books at great prices. His discount audio books store gives you many title at special prices. Visit discount audio book today.

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How Children Acquire - The Importance Of Playfulness Acquisition

2008-05-15T03:27:00.001-07:00

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by Vladimir Chen

Intelligence is a real crucial matter. A deliberate aim through it has evermore requirement gathered up to expand inward the creation. The more levelheaded a child is, the further encounters he has from accepting an improve future. And so, it's genuinely crucial since parents to guarantee that their child embodies gifted on a certain degree of intelligence. Or, at the very least, the chance to maximize the attainable he or she bears. Generally, the labor by formulating the kids intelligence constitutes primarily stacked upon a parent's shoulders. Schoolhouses are there to add on what a parent gives established the youngster. Simply at long last, whether or not the kid will constitute well-informed testament depend upon the child himself.

Factors and intelligence information

Nearly kids are nether believe that learning are something tiring and boring. Only on that point are a few kids who feature a instinctive passion for acquisition, and it embodies these kids that are generally categorized as 'achievers'. Intelligent kids are generally those who experience a confirming mental attitude towards learning, particularly acquisition grammar as youngsters. And although each kids potential for intelligence are already predetermined along his genes, however a lot from that expected the kid may consume is regulated along extraneous agents, such as the work of parents or instructors.

Extraneous components that involve Intelligence

First of all notions are really crucial because kids. Inward a great deal as is pattern that they front most find out that they ought stand back by fervor on bringing whipped through with something quick, kids, likewise, produce beliefs close to considering contingent on their first gear lives. Whenever the nurture presents the idea that to determine English for kids field responsibility, thus the kid could deliberate them intrinsically and could cast out them in favour from more gratifying matters corresponding confluence, for instance. All the same, whenever the parent or the instructor delivers amusing English for youngsters determining equally something amusing and gratifying by the rattling head start, and so the kid represents more probable to hold an favorable position toward them. And whenever the kid makes an confident mental attitude toward discovering English because youngsters, he bequeath equal more sensory toward Modern fact and less coerced to find out newfangled matters, therefore, imparting to his personal growth and assisting him extend to his reliable potency.

Besides, whenever you attempt to observe, matters that concern you generally persevere in your maneuver more farseeing than issues that you come up drilling. Whenever a kid features a disconfirming mental attitude towards discovering, and then anything that's acquainted to him for sharpening ended would automatically constitute separated plot 'numbing' or 'tiresome'. All the same, if regulating forms presented to him since something 'fun', and then he has more potential to discover something he has really resided certain he won't constitute close-minded just about the capacities causing upward discovered. Therefore, on that point are plots of ground since finding out English that nurtures and instructors bear habit. On that point are also English language strains because pampers likewise equally English dictionary since youngsters that could assist too. However to instruct English for youngsters ought be diverting and so equally to assist it comprehend the oral communication better.

Vladimir Chen is an e-learning expert at Mingoville a universally accepted English program to make language learning fun and enjoyable. Sign up for free at www.mingoville.com to learn more about its edutainment concept.

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Central Texas School District Profile: Dripping Springs ISD

2008-05-14T03:49:00.001-07:00

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by austinbroker

Aristotle once said "The roots of education are bitter, but the fruit is sweet." Today educators have found that learning does not have to be tough or something disagreeable. In fact, most good educators will tell you that learning is fun and not hard at all, and that's what many of the school districts in and around the Austin area focus on. "Getting children educated, the right way and leaving no child behind" An Independent School District who sets an example as being able to do this is the Dripping Springs ISD.

The City of Dripping Springs is located about 19 miles west of Austin in the northwest portion of Hays County. For people that are moving and are worried about where their children are going to go to school then the Dripping Springs Independent School District area is the perfect choice. The district offers a well rounded school curriculum, including many extra curricular activities, and focuses on student achievement. The curriculum is designed to address children's needs from preschool all the way up to 12th grade and in every aspect works on acquiring student excellence. The Dripping Springs ISD curriculum is made to provide each student the best chances for success.

Benefits of Living in the Dripping Springs ISD

Five Campuses and one special education facility This is a small school district which means the administrators and teachers have more time to dedicate to each and every student. On average there are 20 students for every teacher.

Academic achievement and an outstanding extracurricular program. DSISD Students participate in many U.I.L competitions.

Dripping Springs Elementary School is rated exemplary and other schools in the school district including Walnut Springs Elementary, DS middle and DS high schools are recognized schools. To make this statistic a little clearer, out of 1,033 Texas School districts only 13 are considered exemplary and only 307 are RECOGNIZED.

In the Dripping Springs School District, the parents and the community are active members and participate in everything that has to do with the schools. The P.T.A and the P.T.O. associations are very strong programs in this area, and parents are well informed of everything that goes on with their children in school, and of all school activities.

If you are looking for a home in the right school district and the education of your children is a MAJOR factor when choosing that home, then you really want to consider the Dripping Springs area, as the DSISD is one of best school districts in the area.

Austin Referral Realty is a team of Austin Realtors in Southwest Austin, Texas. We provide representation within the Dripping Springs ISD. Search Austin MLS Listings for Dripping Springs Real Estate currently for sale.

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Central Texas School District Profile: Dripping Springs ISD

2008-05-12T18:27:00.001-07:00

Five Campuses and one special education facility This is a small school district which means the administrators and teachers have more time to dedicate to each and every student. On average there are 20 students for every teacher.

Academic achievement and an outstanding extracurricular program. DSISD Students participate in many U.I.L competitions.

Dripping Springs Elementary School is rated exemplary and other schools in the school district including Walnut Springs Elementary, DS middle and DS high schools are recognized schools. To make this statistic a little clearer, out of 1,033 Texas School districts only 13 are considered exemplary and only 307 are RECOGNIZED.

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Round Rock Independent School District

2008-05-09T03:41:00.001-07:00

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by austinbroker

Round Rock is among the fastest growing cities in the United States. Round Rock was named the Safest City in Texas for two consecutive years, based on a national survey of crime statistics of cities with populations of more than 75,000. Round Rock was ranked as the 13th Safest City in the U.S. In addition to that honor, the city of Round Rock was selected as one of the 100 Best Communities for Young People by America's Promise, The Alliance for Youth.

Round Rock Independent School District consists of 4 high schools, 8 middle schools, 27 elementary schools, and 3 alternative campuses serving a student population of 40,000.

International Baccalaureate Programs are offered at Anderson Mill Elementary, Spicewood Elementary, Grisham Middle, and Westwood High Schools.

RRISD offers Academy programs, each with a specific academic focus, within the high school programs. McNeil High offers the Engineering Academy and the Health Science Academy. Round Rock High offers the Business and Finance Academy, and the Professional Educator Academy. The Information Technology Academy and the Science and Medicine Academy are offered at Stony Point High. The Fine Arts Academy and the International Baccalaureate Academy are at Westwood High.

On the Texas Education Agency Academic Excellence Indicator System for 2007, Round Rock ISD received an Academically Acceptable rating.

Schools receiving Exemplary ratings from TEA for 2007 included Brushy Creek, Cactus Ranch, Canyon Creek, Caraway, Fern Bluff, Great Oaks, Jollyville, Laurel Mountain, and Spicewood Elementary Schools.

RRISD schools that have been honored by the U.S. Department of Education as National Blue Ribbon Schools include Fern Bluff, Jollyville, Live Oak, North Oaks, and Pond Springs Elementary Schools, Canyon Vista, C.D. Fulkes, Chisholm Trail, and Grisham Middle Schools, and McNeil and Westwood High Schools.

In December 2007, Texas Monthly magazine named 18 RRISD schools to its list of High Performing Public Schools. Included on the list were Blackland Prairie, Brushy Creek, Cactus Ranch, Canyon Creek, Fern Bluff, Forest North, Great Oaks, Caraway, Laurel Mountain, and Spicewood Elementary Schools, and Canyon Vista, Cedar Valley, Deerpark, and Ridgeview Middle Schools. McNeil, Round Rock, and Westwood High Schools, along with Stony Point Ninth Grade Center, were also recognized as High Performing Public Schools.

Newsweek Magazine named three RRISD schools to its annual list of top high schools in May 2007. The RRISD schools included Westwood, Round Rock, and Stony Point High Schools, all of which ranked in the top five percent of schools in the U.S.

U.S. News and World Report magazine awarded Westwood High School a silver medal in its November 2007 issue identifying America's Best High Schools.

Six RRISD schools were named to the Texas Business and Education Coalition 2007 Honor Roll. Schools awarded this distinction were Canyon Creek, Fern Bluff, Laurel Mountain and Pond Springs Elementary Schools, Canyon Vista Middle School, and Westwood High School.

The widely diverse student population of RRISD has a demographic makeup of 10.3 Hispanic, 54.7 Native American, and 10.1 of the student population and 7.9% of the students have English as a second language.

Austin Referral Realty is your source for Round Rock ISD Real Estate. Our Austin Realtors provide free home buyer representation for all Round Rock MLS Listings on our site. Search thousands of Austin area homes for sale in over 11 Central Texas school districts.

Article Source: Round Rock Independent School District

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Ways to Use Biomass Energy

2008-05-08T05:49:00.001-07:00

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by davet

There are many different ways to use biomass energy. Today, we are going to look at four different categories: biofuels, biopower, bioproducts, and space heating and cooling.

Biofuels

The two most common types of biofuels are ethanol and biodiesel. The most familiarly used form of ethanol ismade from the starch in corn grain, and it is added into petroleum-based fuels to reduce toxic air emissions and increase octane. It is also available as an alternative fuel known as E-85. This type of fuel contains 83% ethanol during the summer and 70% in the winter.

Biodiesel, on the other hand, is made from soybean oil. Though not as popular as its ethanol counterpart, it has significant benefits to air quality. Biodiesel is usually mixed at 20% with petroleum diesel, and it is called B-20. The same process that is used to create biofuels can also be used to create antifreeze, plastics, glues, artificial sweeteners and toothpaste gels.

Biopower/Biopower

The only renewable electrical generation that is used more than biopower is hydropower. Biomass is created using direct combustion using conventional boilers that burn waste wood products. Steam is produced by this combustion, which, in turn, spins a turbine, activating a generator that creates electricity.

When biomass is turned to gas prior to this combustion, toxic materials are removed from the process. These systems are useful for powering isolated communities with electricity. There are significant amounts of biomass resources in the eastern half of the United States.

Bioproducts

Bioproducts are products that can be made from fossil fuels. These products general require a reduced amount of energy to create than petroleum-based products. If oxygen is present when heating biomass, more of the two gases produced. This process is called biosynthesis, and it can be utilized to create plastics and acids. These, in turn, can be used to create photographic films, textiles, and synthetic fabrics.

On the other hand, when biomass is heated without oxygen, pyrolysis oil is formed and phenol can be extracted from this formation. Wood adhesives, molded plastics, and foam insulation can then be created from phenol.

Space Heating and Cooling

"Heating and cooling account for about 56% of the energy use in a typical US home, making it the largest energy expense for most homes." Because there are many options available in regards to heating and cooling, it is important to research the most efficient ways to utilize renewable energy. Whether you are installing the systems into a new home, or replacing the systems in an existing home, numerous choices are at your disposal.

David Tanguay is dedicated to providing research, reviews & helpful information to consumers and businesses. For more information related to Green Energy and Biofuels please visit http://greenenergyonline.org

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Practical Homeshooling Tips - Home Schooling Syllabus That's Pre-packed

2008-05-07T07:38:00.001-07:00

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by Jane A. Smith

Home school is your definite choice. Then how you get the best Syllabus? Pre-packaged syllabuses are galore for home schools. The best thing that comes across with regards to homeschooling is that it allows to make the choice with the syllabus you think you would like your child like to learn. Now what are the best home schooling syllabuses and how to you make the correct choice?

Incase your requirements can be fulfilled from a Christian teaching then there exists quite a few prepackages syllabus that will be right for your child. The two best worth a mention are the BJU Press home school syllabus and also the Abeka homeschooling syllabus. Mary Pride has given both these syllabuses high reviews.

Each of these 2 syllabuses encompasses all major topics. A creationist view is given to science teaching. BJU Press far more traditional than Abeka. This could be important while taking a final decision. Both the two have received the rating of being amongst the best curriculums for home school. These syllabuses could be either found on websites or at you're nearest bookstores.

Your requirements could be beyond Christian impartations. If your preference is that of a worldview that's conservative Christian then too the choices are extensive. While if requirements need you to create a selection of varied publishers all into one to suit your needs then consider Saxon for math or Math-U-See.

Both of these are outstanding. If you subscribe to efantasmic.com then they give to the option to pick and create syllabus. All the various possible types of syllabuses can be found here which makes this site completely unique, more so because you are allowed to that a full syllabus subscription or just pick each book, as you wish. If your requirements take you beyond 10 books then a subscription will serve you better. This provides you with complete site information access, plus updates the full year round.

Online schools also give recognized syllabuses for home school purposes. You won't have difficulty in finding such schools, as they are aplenty. Then there are assignments that are given grades and also there exists tutors/teachers that will offer help and reply to your queries through IM or email. There are a few states that do not accept this brand of home schooling to be home schooling. Take all facts into consideration before you go any further.

You can also take the inorganic way to home school development purchasing a pre-owned homeschool syllabus. This can lead to a cost effective homeschool. If the child in your house is more than one, the prepackaged syllabus could make a hole in your pocket. Each subject's cost could be in access of $100. Whereas if you have five kids and want to impart many teachings then a cost effective option would be private schools. Pre=owned syllabus would really save you a lot of money.

At home-schooling.com you could find nice home school syllabus reviews or else Mary Pride too might be a good choice. Mary has done many prepackaged reviews and has even rated them so all you need to do is read her reviews and make a selection. So a visit to this site can give more answers that you would have questions.

Discover the art of informal homeschooling in home and learn where to get the best pre-packaged curriculum for homeschooling at http://www.homeschoolingfordummy.com

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Hays Consolidated Independent School District

2008-05-06T03:30:00.001-07:00

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by austinbroker

Hays Consolidated Independent School District (HCISD), located in North Central Hays County, is one of the fastest growing school districts in the state of Texas. The district has been rapidly growing for the last five years, adding 1,000 students during 2007. Currently enrolling 13,000 students, Hays anticipates this high level of growth to continue for several years. Of the four school districts in Hays County, HCISD is the largest.

Hays CISD's motto of "A Place Where Ideas Grow" is a reflection of the community's commitment to provide outstanding educational and extracurricular programs for its student population.

With a current total of seventeen campuses, HCISD includes two high schools, four middle schools, nine elementary schools, an alternative high school, and a disciplinary campus. A tenth elementary school is scheduled to open in the fall of 2008.

The student body within Hays reflects a richly diverse population in which 54% of the students are Hispanic, 42% are White, and 4% are African American.

Featured within HCISD are a highly acclaimed performing arts center and a dual-language magnet program at the elementary level. An advanced high school robotics program and internationally recognized music program are highlights of the services offered to students.

The teacher-mentoring program in Hays CISD serves as a model for the state. School-based health clinics provide services to all students and their siblings.

Based on the theory that building positive personal assets results in healthy, caring, and responsible students, as well as reducing high-risk behavior, the district implemented the Forty Developmental Assets Framework on a district wide basis.

Hays CISD has one of the lowest tax rates among the fast-growth districts in Central Texas. A tax rate decrease of $.3167 was approved for 2007-08, leaving the tax rate at $1.4613 per $100 valuation.

On the Texas Education Agency Academic Excellence Indicator System, HCISD was rated as Academically Acceptable. Four schools in Hays CISD, Elm Grove Elementary, Fuentes Elementary, Negley Elementary, and Tobias Elementary received Recognized ratings from TEA.

Texas Monthly magazine named Hays High School to its list of High Performing Schools in December 2007.

Hays Schools offers a wide variety of innovative programs with a rich level of cultural diversity within its student population.

Let Austin Referral Realty assist you in your home search within Hays CISD. Search Hays County Real Estate for sale listed through the Austin MLS.

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Importance of Patience Teaching in Pre-School Children

2008-05-02T04:55:00.001-07:00

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by Synapse India

A child is a very innocent and can be molded in any way that you want him or her to be in. For giving the best education to the child, it is very important to teach him or her in a positive and loving atmosphere. Also, for providing the best, you need to establish a sense of trust and develop a sense of security with the people around. Initially, it is difficult to teach students but as the child grows, it becomes easier to introduce the concept and practice of patience. It is often seen that a secure child is able to practice learning patience with positive anticipation of needs met.

Teaching the lessons of patience in children can be milestones of development of different age levels of children. It also reflects what a child is able to do and can not yet to do.

How to Teach Patience Lessons to a Child?
Every parent dreams his child to practice a bit of patience, endurance or forbearance. If you really want to teach you kid these basic integrated qualities, there are so many creative ways which might help you. The best way to sow the seeds of patience in children is through their parents. If parents start implementing patience in their day-to-day life, children do catch it and implement in their lives. Babies can sense, see and hear reactions. Toddlers watch and those children who are already very much aware of their surroundings are more sensitive and alert to actions and reactions adults make.

You better can show them examples of enduring patience, introduce them to famous people and follow their lifestyles could be an interesting method too. Teach them to handle the situations with more patience and endurance so that they can be more polite and a better human being later on.

Find a Tutor Chicago
Tutor Chicago is the best way to find the quality help for your child. These online tutors are experiences and pass on their understanding of knowledge and concepts to the child.

The aforementioned article has been contributed by the webmaster of orbitutors.com. Find an online tutor Chicago for all subjects. Our database includes computer tutor, math tutor and more in your local area.

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Practical Homeschooling Tips - Home Schooling Grants For Parents And Guardians

2008-04-30T05:33:00.001-07:00

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by Jane A. Smith

Home schooling families do have access to grants. If you would be interested in knowing more about what kinds of grants are there for you, you would have to undertake a well-searched inquiry. As per general law one cannot approach the United States government for home school grants; the funds are not too large.

Then what is the way to find such grants? Online surfing is the best way to find out. These grants for home schooling do exist though they are not out in the open and therefore are tough to locate. But as said, these grants do exist and we look at ways at finding them.

At places where large corporations give grant is termed, as corporate grants. Large corporations have frequently given grants to charter & traditional schools. A few of these corporate grants also find their way to home schools but to receive a pie of it you need to know which grants you can send applications for.

Multinational behemoth IBM actively supports initiatives in the field of education; but none of these allowances are for home schools. Wal-Mart does give grants for homeschoolers though. All you need to do is get in touch with the company's education section and put forward your application for grants. These departments are not authoritative so you could end up talking to various people on the same matter to get the desired results.

In the US home schooling grants from the government home schooling do not exist. Those people who are graduates via home schooling and are going to college can be given scholarships & grants, but federal governments have nothing as such for families of home schools. Canadian situation is completely opposite however. For instance in British Columbia $175 worth of grant is allowed for every kid that joins a home school prior to 1st November.

Grants are available to home schools but only from other home schools. Grants for every student in the state of Alaska is there for the textbooks in the shape of an annual grant. An association with some kind of a home school support group is very important. You can easily approach your home school group to inquire if they issue grants.

Quite of few do, but that may be as like study material and writing material, only a few select issue grants in monetary terms. Just incase your group of home school has a 501 (c) 3 standing as per US Tax code then it brightens your possibility of receiving a grant.

Last but certainly not the least, check with your ministry or even the church. These organizations, if incase they do not run a home school of their own would be more than happy to be of some help. They could donate books that have religious learning and material required by the home school. But remember receiving grants is not easy and you may be required to knock on a few more doors than you set out to but if you need them then do keeping looking for all kinds of grants possible.

Find out the best how homeschooling programs for your children and uncover the truth of how custody laws on home schooling may affect you when you visit Internet's premier homeschooling resource portal at http://www.homeschoolingfordummy.com

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K3 spouse visa, spouse-based immigrant visa, and K1 fiance visa

2008-04-29T04:57:00.001-07:00

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by Dave Davies

Should I apply for the K1 fiance visa or the spouse visa?

This depends on many factors. If time is your foremost consideration, the K1 visa is usually quicker often taking 9 months or less for visa issuance. If time is not the foremost factor then the spouse visa is usually the preferred option. The spouse visa is an immigrant visa that allows the foreign national spouse to enter the U.S. as a newly arriving lawful permanent resident. This is noteworthy, because the K1 fiance visa does not provide for immediate permanent residency upon admission to the U.S.

How does the K1 fiance visa work?

The K1 fiance visa is a non-immigrant visa which gives the foreign national spouse permission to apply for admission to the U.S. for the purpose of marrying their U.S. citizen spouse within 90 days of admission. The foreign national spouse entering on a K1 fiance visa is not entitled to work without separate employment authorization, nor is the K1 fiance authorized to travel outside of the U.S. In order to gain permanent resident status, the K1 fiance must affirmatively apply for adjustment of status to permanent residence upon marriage to the U.S. citizen fiance. All this must be accomplished within the first 90 days of admission into the U.S.

What is the advantage of the K3 spouse visa?

The K3 spouse visa was created to give foreign national spouses the option of coming to the U.S. as a non-immigrant spouse for the purpose of waiting for the approval of the I-130 immigrant spouse petition in the U.S. instead of abroad. In theory, the K3 visa was intended as a means for the foreign national fiance to get to the U.S. quicker, rather than waiting abroad during the lengthy petition approval process. In reality, most service centers are now processing immediate relative petitions at the same pace as the K-3 spouse petitions. For some couples, however, it may still be worthwhile to submit the K3 petition (filed on the Form I-129F).

What is the difference between the K3 spouse visa and the immigrant visa for spouses?

The K3 spouse visa is not an immigrant visa and does not convey U.S. permanent residency. Its primary purpose is to allow the foreign national spouse and derivative children under the age of 21 to travel to the U.S. for the purpose of joining the U.S. citizen spouse and avoiding lengthy wait times abroad. Once the K3 spouse arrives in the U.S. they are admitted as a K3 non-immigrant. K3 spouses must apply for employment authorization before they can work. After the underlying I-130 spouse petition is approved, then the K3 spouse may apply for adjustment of status to permanent residence. This whole process can often take several years, though it sometimes can save a couple months of living apart.

Should we get married in the U.S. or abroad?

If you and your fiance are contemplating marriage and willing to marry abroad and wait a couple of extra months for the immigrant visa, this is usually the preferred option. The primary advantage of coming to the U.S. as a married spouse, rather than a fiance, is that the foreign national spouse is able to enter the U.S. as an immigrant and is entitled to permanent residency upon arrival.

Do we need a visa attorney to help us?

Perhaps the foremost issue in immigration processing time delays is whether the couple is attempting to submit the petition and paperwork on their own, or whether they are availing themselves of the services of a qualified and U.S.-licensed attorney with experience in family-based immigration law. Most processing time delays surface several months after the U.S. citizen petitioner has submitted the petition and then receives what is called a "Request for Evidence" (RFE) from the United States Citizenship and Immigration Services. An RFE can set your case back months, and can often be avoided by a properly prepared and documented petition at the outset. An immigration lawyer can be a great asset in this process.

Power Visa is an online, full-service visa attorney service to help with your immigration needs.

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Chantix to Quit Smoking

2008-04-28T07:11:00.001-07:00

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by Vikas SEO

Smoking is the major cause of death these days. Many people can do anything to try and quit smoking everyday. Since every smoker is aware of the deadly effects of smoking on the body but only a few give a try to quit smoking. The tobacco makes it difficult as it is an addiction and gives pleasure too. Edorphins which is released by nicotine in the body make the human feel good. Even though some people are there who take the task with full determination and courage.

Chantix is an approved medication for curing smoking addiction. Chantix is the trade name of varenicline. It is a nicotinic receptor partial agonist. Chantix is effective in reducing the pleasurable effects of smoking and also decreases the carvings for the nicotine in the body. This system helps the smoker in quitting the smoking.

The use of chantix is approved for twelve weeks for curing the smoking addiction. If the smoker still feels the carvings for tobacco then the use can be extended for next twelve weeks. Its use has shown good results among the smokers to help them in quitting the smoking. Chantix use the new concept for cessation the smoking. This drug stimulates the brain to release doses of dopamine. It reduces the withdrawal symptoms of smoking and also blocks the nicotine receptors in the brain. So even if you light up the cigarette again, you will not feel the same pleasure as you felt it earlier. Chantix uses the theory of blocking the pleasure of smoking.

Chantix has shown great results of quitting the smoking even in the chronic cases of smokers. This drug is proved more effective in comparison to other medications available in the market. Many online drug stores are providing cheap chantix medication. One just needs to fill an online form about his medical history and a request for ordering the chantix to his house. The site will make a review on the information provided by him and prepare a report about his determination of quitting the smoking.

On the basis of the report, a medical professional will recommend you whether you should under go the treatment or not. The usage of chantix is totally based on your physical health fitness. If the physician does not feel that you are fit enough to under go the treatment, then your case will not be approved to acquire a pack of chantix. Several online sites also provide all the needed information about the medications and usage directions of the chantix.

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Studying Spanish Abroad - A Powerful Learning Experience

2008-04-25T03:09:00.001-07:00

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by Korbin Newlyn

Have you been participating in Spanish classes for your job or for your school? Would you like to strengthen the lessons that you have learned in your classes by educating yourself more about the language in the presence of the natives? Why not take part in learning Spanish abroad?

The experience will give you the chance to be able to see a gorgeous new country, while you learn in what unique ways the Spanish language is genuinely a way of life for numerous individuals throughout the world. These are some of the best programs to take advantage if you are thinking about taking this trip, as well as some of the things you should do to prepare for learning Spanish abroad.

Cordova, Spain

One of the best locations to study Spanish is in Cordova, Spain. Once you get there, your accommodations will bet at a hostel or dormitory with students from both English and Spanish, and most signs as well as living instructions are in Spanish, so you will have to use context clues to find out where you can use the phone, where to use the bathrooms, and at what times the meals are served.

Some individuals take this trip knowing only a little Spanish, in order to give themselves a challenge and learn everything that they need to. However, some people study Spanish abroad in order to retain the lessons that they have learned, and employ the knowledge from books they may have about the language only in practical real life situations.

Quito, Ecuador

Quito, Ecuador is another extraordinary place to study Spanish abroad. You take up lodging with a host family that is in the city, where you will be fed and you will get an opportunity to see the city while nearly no English is spoken to you. Alternatively, you can go to Quito and stay at one of the beautiful hotels that are made available in the city, so you can see the sites of Quito, visiting all the restaurants you want, and even get an opportunity to experience the night life that the city has to offer - all in Spanish.

Prior to taking your trip, you should make certain you take at least a course in Spanish or two, so you know how to say standard phrases like 'hello' ('hola'), 'where is ...?' ('Donde esta'?) and 'thank you' ('Gracias'). You should also carry along with you a Spanish-English dictionary, so you can translate rapidly if necessary.

Do some reading about the Spanish-speaking country that you are traveling to as this is also a good way to prepare for Spanish abroad. Find out everything you can about the culture, people, food, lifestyle and practices that you will end up seeing when you visit your host family or walk around the city.

Most of all, try to speak as little English as possible - in order to take full advantage of the experience, you must have the confidence to attempt being fluent in Spanish until you are completely comfortable speaking the language.

Listen to Korbin Newlyn as he shares his insights as an expert author and an avid writer in the field of spain travel. If you would like to learn more go to First Class Spain Air Travel advice and at Terraced Houses For Sale In Spain tips.

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Driver Education Software for the New Generation

2008-04-24T03:10:00.000-07:00

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by Allison Merlino

The United States and Canada are experiencing an increased young driver population after years of a decreased population due to the baby boom echo. Simultaneously, enrollment in Driver's Education courses has declined. With our technological advancements as a society, we should be able to offer a high tech, more comprehensive training system for our young drivers.

Studies show that for effective and lasting crash prevention techniques to be taught both skill and motivational aspects must be addressed effectively. Therefore, educational training and behavioral change intervention is needed to produce a decrease in the amount of traffic crashes in young drivers. New drivers need to learn to handle a vehicle as well as interact with other road users. It takes several years for a driver to reach mature risk levels as the only way to reach this level is by gaining experience.

The linking of parents and community influences as well as personal involvement and incentives would likely have positive results. These results would likely be produced within each individual community through its own efforts. Interactive media could be used to enhance perceptual and decision skills. Studies show that video games can increase attentional capacity. Therefore, the integration of interactive gaming type activities could help improve these skills. Integrating this curriculum to areas of personal and social values, risk taking, self esteem, peer pressure, health protection etc. could foster an ingrained understanding of the subject matter. Pairing a deep understanding of the responsibility to other drivers with the skill needed to operate a vehicle safely is an optimal situation.

Driver's Education definitely needs to be updated. It will benefit us as a society to have skilled, confident and prepared drivers on the road. Small advancements have been made. Many states are allowing a student to take an approved CD ROM based or online course. There is also a downloadable Drivers Ed PC Game. Prospective drivers can practice driving online and complete practice tests with this interactive game. However, the posted reviews of this game indicate that partakers found this game non-engaging and boring. This may not be a representative sample as people who enjoy the game may be too busy playing to fill out the review!

Offering an option of time in a driving simulator would be a great motivator to get new drivers to attend Driver's Ed. Interactive computer software games that propose different situations and scores according to the drivers handling of the situation is a less expensive suggestion. Take into consideration the video gaming phenomenon and then show me a teenager that refuses to practice his video game! Video gaming can accomplish both the educational training and the behavioral change intervention.

Post baby boom echo has found an increased young driver population for the United States and Canada. This increase in new drivers is accompanied by a decline in enrollment in Driver's Education courses. We should be able to offer a high tech, more comprehensive training system for our young drivers. Driving simulators and driving video games are two promising avenues for revamping Driver's Education!

I have an extensive background in Finance and Fiscal Procedure. I also have a web business where I offer Educational Computer Games. Please visit us at http://www.thesoftwarespot.com Thank you, Allison Merlino

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The Coming World of Collaboration

2008-04-23T03:36:00.001-07:00

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by Grant Deken

Howard Rheingold, author of Street Mobs and invited lecturer at California's renowned TED conference explains the phenomena of collaboration and its evolutionary effect on creating new forms of wealth and perhaps reforms to traditional economic theory. He initially notes that traditional success in both business and politics was fueled by the notion of Darwin's biological theory of evolution; that the strongest and fiercest survive. But while this ideology has held true throughout the life of capitalism he's sure to emphasize that capitalism will continue to rule the birth and growth of technology has vastly spread cooperation, collective action, and complex interdependencies. This, he notes, has forced competition to make a little room.

What Howard is really trying to get across to us is that through the cooperation, collective action, and interdependencies new forms of wealth can and are being created. In an example he gives early in his lecture he compares this collaboration to prehistoric times when small family units survived by hunting small game like rabbits and other animals. At some point however, hunters gathered together and collaborated to hunt the massive mastodon. His point being that today we can collaborate to conquer bigger "game."

While the ideas presented could be criticized as rudimentary, it's no farce that this level of collaboration is occurring today and is being led by some of the world's biggest corporations. IBM, Sun Microsystems, and other leading IT firms are open-sourcing much of their software and encouraging other developers, be it graduate students or high school kids, to work and advance the available research. Toyota gives extensive training to its suppliers to help them increase their production efficiency even though many suppliers also work with their direct competitors. Even within these fierce markets, companies are opening up and welcoming collaboration. Why? Rheingold argues this is happening because it is a certain kind of sharing in self-interest.

For example, by allowing bloggers to earn money through its Adsense program, Google enriched itself by creating a new market for advertisers. Amazon.com opened its application interface to over 60,000 designers which in turn has grown the number of Amazon stores significantly while making money for virtual store owners. EBay, the auction giant, created an enormous market by creating a feedback mechanism that allows users to trust each other. All these examples reinforce how collaboration can turn a Prisoners Dilemma into an Insurance Game.

The Prisoners Dilemma, as in all game theory, states that "the only concern of each individual player is maximizing his/her own payoff, without any concern for the other player's payoff. The unique equilibrium for this game is a Pareto-suboptimal solutionthat is, rational choice leads the two players to both play defect even though each player's individual reward would be greater if they both played cooperate." The distrust players have for each other in this model is what dictates their rationale. If both could trust each other, they would be apt to work together and obtain larger rewards. This model in which trust is present between actors is known as the insurance game. This is what is beginning to happen. The most evident example of this is EBay. By establishing trust between buyers and sellers a huge new market was established where lower prices are often found for buyers and many new markets for goods that normally can't be sold are now a click away for sellers.

These actions are all about self-interest to grow and add more to the already existent. Rene Descartes, the famous philosopher explained that we need a new way of thinking to understand absolute truth. While absolute truth would be nice, we can start by understanding the sociological and economic evolution that is the future of commerce and innovation. Globalization is shaking the foundation of traditional thought. To finish, I will leave you with the question Rheingold poses in his book Street Mobs. Are the populations of tomorrow going to be users, like the PC owners and website creators who turned technology to widespread innovation? Or will they be consumers, constrained from innovation and locked into the technology and business models of the most powerful entrenched interests? The answer seems to be getting clearer.

Trackback: http://grantdeken.blogspot.com/2008/04/coming-wold-of-collaboration-follow-up

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Central Texas School District: Round Rock ISD

2008-04-21T03:48:00.001-07:00

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by austinbroker

There are certain concepts of a good teacher that are extremely well presented by the writer L. Ron Hubbard. In his writings he stresses that excellent teachers aim to teach effectively by presenting the subject being taught in its most interesting form, and not only that but a truly effective teacher will demonstrate how the information can affect a students life. He will present the subject in the simplest and easiest way of learning, and will evaluate the students understanding, of that which is being taught. A good teacher will not assume his importance because he has knowledge of the subject, nor diminish a student because he does not understand the subject right away. These we know as excellent qualities in a teacher, and we can all remember there being at least one of these excellent teachers in our lives. In the Austin area, there are some of the best School districts in the State, and among these is that of Round Rock ISD. This school district believes in its teachers, and believes that students can achieve an excellent education given the opportunity, but both teachers and students need to be held accountable for that education.

Recently in 2002, legislation also realized the importance of this form of teaching and in 2002 they passed the No Child Left Behind Act. This law presented educational reforms that affect all school districts and some of the largest changes since the Education Act of 1965. The Texas school districts and especially the Austin school districts, including surrounding school districts like the Round Rock ISD have taken these changes seriously to heart, and districts like the round rock school district are making every effort to create and give students the opportunities they need to get ahead in life.

Among the points that are most developed by the Round Rock Independent school district are those of:

Stronger accountability for results States, districts and schools are accountable and responsible for their academic standards, and are held responsible for the learning of every child and the proficiency in math, and science at all levels. The Round Rock Independent School District firmly believes in this point to the new law, and works hard to meet these requirements.

Options for parents Another strong point that the Round Rock ISD focuses on is the parent's involvement in their children's education. Giving parents different options to help, explain, and identify their child's problems and areas he or she may need to work on.

Location
The Round Rock Independent School District is located in the southern part of Williamson County and northern part of Travis County. It includes the City of Round Rock and certain areas of Austin and Cedar park. The entire District covers 110 square miles and is a part of suburban and retail areas. The Round Rock School District has had a very large increase in population in the last 5 years with a growth rate of about 21% and a 4% growth rate annually. The schools in this district are designed to be smaller with the concept of the "neighborhood school," The idea behind the smaller schools is to get the neighborhoods involved, and to be able to give students the needed time, so that every student learns.

Culturally Diverse
This school district is culturally diverse with approximately 25% being Hispanic, 53% Caucasian and 11% of ethnic backgrounds. There are close to 40,000 students enrolled in the different schools with a student-teacher ratio of 14.5.

Excellence
Most of the students in the Round Rock ISD plan on continuing their education, the estimates show approximately 87% who plan to continue their education. The dropout rate of this district is very low with only a 0.4%. Most students take both the SAT and ACT and acquire very high scores.

In conclusion, if you are moving to the Austin area, and are extremely focused on the benefits to your children the Round Rock area is an excellent option as far as schools, and quality education for them.

Austin Referral Realty offers an exclusive Round Rock Real Estate search by Round Rock ISD elementary, middle, and high school campus. Saving you time by searching only Round Rock Homes within the schools you desire.

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Preschool Playing Styles For Educating Your Children

2008-04-18T05:02:00.001-07:00

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by Preschool Learning

Different Styles of Play in a Preschool Classroom

Do you ever observe a preschool aged child playing by themselves, or a pre k child that only likes to play with one other friend? Or do you see a child who only observes other children playing and won't join in? You may ask, what are these different styles or preferences of playing and what do they mean?

Read below for the answers to your questions.

On looking Play: this is the child who observes other children playing but will not physically participate. They are spectators of play.

These children should be encouraged to join and play with one child at first, and then when comfortable with that add a few more children into the mix. You will want to encourage an on looking child to play socially with others as early as possible to avoid social set backs in the future. An example would be to play a game where a child has one partner, next a game with two or more partners, etc.

Competitive Play: two or more children who play in a group or groups of children competing to win in games such as sports for example.

This is a great way for the children to play altogether as long as the competitive aspect does not get out of hand and the fun is taken out of the play.

Co-operative Play: this play is organized, there is a common goal involved when playing such as two or more children putting together a large floor puzzle together, or building a tower together. They feel as though they belong to that specific play group.

This is great play for children to engage in. Is promotes sharing and co-operation with others.

Associative Play: there is no organization of a particular activity. The children may be playing a similar activity and may share their toys and/or play ideas.

This play is also good as it increases their imagination, play skills, and sharing.

Parallel Play: is two children who are playing side by side. Each child is involved in their own activity and there is no exchanging of materials or play ideas.

This play is also good as long as the children are also known for playing in groups, children need some time to themselves when playing and parallel play is quite common.

Solitary Play: this is when a child focuses on satisfying their own needs. The child is somewhat egocentric. They have no interest in sharing with others or communicating with others during play.

This is quite common play as well, and although some solitary play is needed for a child, playing with others should be encouraged daily. Social skills are a very important part of a child's whole development. (Physical, Intellectual, Language, Emotional, and Social)

Marisa Robinson E.C.E Dane Robinson Operators of http://www.activityschoolbus.com/ and http://www.preschoollearningonline.com/ *Great Preschool learning ideas, kids activities, coloring sheets, printables, worksheets and more for parents and teachers.

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Why play is important for children?

2008-04-17T03:42:00.001-07:00

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by lily ryan

Children like to play, they need to run, chase, ride, skip and jump. The more they play, the more they want to play again.

Play is important for Children because it practices their linguistic, cognitive and social skills and contributes to their general personality development. Children use their minds while playing, because they are thinking and acting as if they were another person. When they make such a transformation, they are taking a step forward abstract thinking in that they are freeing their thoughts from a focus on concrete objects. Play is also associated with creativity, especially the ability to be less literal and more flexible in one's thinking.

Vygotskian who was a famous Russian psychologist wrote, "In play a child always above his average age, above his daily behavior; in play it is as though he were a head taller than himself".

There are four types of play that reflect increasing levels of Children's social interaction and sophistication.

Solitary play is a play that take place alone, often with toys, and is independent of what other children are doing.

Parallel play involves children engaged in the same game or activity side by side but with very little interaction or common influence.

Associative play is much like parallel play but with increased levels of interaction in terms of sharing, turn-taking and general interest in what others are doing.

Cooperative play occurs when Children join and work together to achieve a common goal, such as building a large castle with each child building a part of the structure.

Play have become quite indispensable to Children's life, However, in order to motivate Children to learn from the games they are playing, Adults have responsibility to choose right playing method and age-appropriate games for the children. They are important elements to support the development of Children's play.

The place to go for age-appropriate games and game instructions is Kids Games For Playing.

lily ryan is playgroup teacher in hk international school and she got degree on children early education. Check her website www.kids-games-for-playing.com to grab the best play ideas for your little one.

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Practical Homeschooling Online - Home Schooling Custody Laws

2008-04-16T04:45:00.001-07:00

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by Jane A. Smith

Custody is not a prime feature in home schooling laws and therefore custody laws could turn out to be problematical. It is more evident if parents reside in separate states. It is therefore advised that prior to deciding for home school flight, get the custody laws enlisted and get well versed to all the laws that govern home schooling laws affecting you.

If you have any custody issues with regards to home schooling, ensure that your ex-partner and you sort out all disagreements that where the child will take home schooling. If you decide then online home schooling shall be a good option. If you do not have full ideas of your state's custody laws then you should check them out, Home School Legal Defense Association's (HSLDA) homepage is the place where you can find all the info. The site provides a fairly good overview but some specific custody laws could still be missing.

Here you should try and consult an attorney who has considerable knowledge in this field so that you sure that you aren't violating any local or state laws. You can also visit HSLDA to seek advice as to where you can find an attorney who could meet your requirements at a local place.

There are quite a few laws that govern home schooling in California state. An existing judgment from Second Appellate District Court of LA taken on a family (home school) could have drastic effects for California home schoolers. This opinion on home schooling is based in a court ruling taken in a 1950's. In short the judgement says schooling from home is illegal in California state.

Feeling inquisitive, read all at www.hsdla.org. In California there exist some special laws for attendance and custody. If the child is enrolled in a private school or tuitions he is excused from obligatory public school attendance. Here below is one such California laws that defines attendance & custody in the following manners:

"48200.5. in spite of Section 48200, any person living in Carson city and is either a legal guardian or a parent of a person who is undergoing obligatory education is allowed to seek admission of that particular person in a school district wherein the residence of parent/guardian is within Unified School District of Los Angeles subject to an agreement terms that allow transfers that have been permitted by the Unified School District of Los Angeles & Unified School District of Compton "

http://www.legalinfo.ca.gov/calaw.html is the source from where the statement has been derived. It must be noted that in California home schooling laws are very complex as the state is sans a statute for home schools. If home schooling then ensure you file the entire paperwork. Issues pertaining to custody & California laws give you enough reason to make everything doubly sure before taking a step. Incase both homes of custodial parents could be used for schooling then that will be ideal. Despite the above noting its still better to go over to an attorney and take his advice if the school districts of parents are different.

If an overview of the home schooling custody laws are taken then they all appear to be pretty much indecisive, but attendance is compulsory and also a few more requirements. It is in your interest to adhere to state laws.

Discover how to get the best homeschooling grants for your homeschooling needs as well as tips and strategies for home schooling for k-4 when you visit http://www.homeschoolingfordummy.com, the premier online resources on homeschooling for parents.

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Can Solar Power Really Work for Me?

2008-04-15T03:04:00.001-07:00

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by Hayley Jones

Solar power and other forms of renewable energy are becoming more widespread on a domestic scale in light of growing concerns about the affect of the use of fossil fuels on the environment, the fact that their supply is diminishing and rising energy costs. When it comes to the UK climate, the effectiveness of solar power can come into question, but harnessing solar energy can actually be an excellent way of producing either electricity or heat. Solar panels do not need intense sunlight to generate power or heat, daylight being sufficient.

There are essentially two types of solar power available on a domestic level. Solar photovoltaic power produces electricity whilst solar thermal energy heats water. Solar thermal energy is usually the more cost effective of the two options with prices for a typical home installation starting at about £3000. Government grants can bring this down further, and you can reasonably expect the system to provide you with approximately half of your hot water requirements over a year. Solar photovoltaic panels are somewhat more expensive, starting at about £8000 (again, grants are available towards the cost), making the payback somewhat longer. A typical domestic installation should generate enough power for about half your annual requirements.

As of April 2008 it is no longer necessary to seek planning permission for solar installations on homes, making it easier to set about benefiting from solar power. To ensure that you get the best payback from an installation it is important that the panels are southeast to southwest facing and not overshadowed by obstructions such as trees.

Solar power is a pollution-free way of producing energy, and will reduce your home's carbon emissions significantly. Once the installation is in place the 'fuel' is, of course, free, and solar systems tend to require minimal maintenance.

Hayley Jones is the Web Marketing Director for www.uk-energy-saving.com. For more information on solar power visit www.uk-energy-saving.com/solar_power.html.

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Online College Degrees - Phoenix Colleges - Online Accredited Degrees 156

2008-04-14T05:06:00.001-07:00

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by Pat Shmule

They can even take an online course from a different school. Find out about the amount of interaction you are going to have with your instructor. Below are some of the requirements for applying to online colleges. Online or virtual classes are now becoming popular and you can get your college degree online at the convenience of your own home.

Even single parents who were not able to finish their college education can earn college degrees online during their personal time. Nuble is a healthcare professional who loves writing about women's issues, parenting, education and other health related stuffs. They were available in a small number of fields and they really didn't carry the same kind of influence that a traditional degree carried.

In this case, there is greater probability that you can finish your college degree course in quicker time frame, even in a six-month period. Plus, you never have to leave the comfort of your home just to attend classes. Plus, you never have to leave the comfort of your home just to attend classes. You can get your college degree online at home at your own pace.

In order to meet the requirements in an online college degree course, you should have a high school diploma or a G.E.D. For those who are starting college, a high school diploma or its equivalent is a basic requirement. Accredited online education will ensure you the credibility and authenticity of the courses and will allow you to get your degree without any hassle from the authorities.

An online college degree website can provide the potential student with lots of information about the different types of degrees and schools that are offering online programs. They could consider getting an online college degree, as it would give them a boost in a competitive job market. Computer upgrades may be needed to meet course requirements, for example, additional memory needed.

He is the owner of a home based business dedicated to all facets of education. Not all online college degrees are expensive or take a lot of time: many of them can offer you associate's or bachelor's degree in nearly the same time as a brick-and-mortar college will give it to you. The greatest advantage of getting an online college degree course is that it usually takes almost half the time it would take an individual when they enroll in a regular campus setting so as to complete a college degree course. In fact, some employers like these candidates better because they have shown the ability to go out and make it happen.

For some students, a traditional college setting just isn't the answer. At present, online college degree programs are available that cater to all aspects of learning. They also offer information about programs and schools that offer distance learning online masters degree programs. Find a school that is a fully accredited online university that specializes in a number of different programs.

Statistics show that graduates of online programs have great success finding high paying jobs in their fields. Nuble is a healthcare professional who loves writing about women's issues, parenting, education and other health related stuffs. Just click on the following link to get online college degree information.

Learn more about Online College Degrees | Phoenix Colleges | Online Accredited Degrees

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Learn The Basics First!

2008-04-13T10:21:00.001-07:00

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by S. Simon

Learn the basics of real estate before you try to become an in investor.

It is very distressing to se how many people are swept up into the carnival like atmosphere that the "Real Estate" hustlers are able to create both on their infomercials and their high pressure web based squeeze pages.

In both cases (tv and the web) the idea is to obtain small amounts of money from people watching and or reading, and then send them to the next program or website to obtain even more money from them.

In most cases the information that is being sold or offered free, but not really free, is generic real estate information. Usually out of date and even worse specific for one geographic area, while not being applicable in another!
The course, or secret is never worth what is being charged, and is frequently absolutely worthless, in some case being illegal!

Real estate is a wonderful vehicle for building wealth and independance; but you must learn the "Basics" before you try to become an investor.

The best place to start would be with the introductory courses required for real estate licensure.

The State of Florida has a very robust basic Sales Associate requirement for its approved courses. The Sales Associate course for Florida can be taken online, is set up to take at least 63 hours of study, and best of all it can be purchased from an online school like mine, Steve Simon School of Real Estate, for under $300.

It introduces the student to legal descriptions, real estate law, agency relationships, appraising, property management, investment analysis and much more...

Steve Simon School of Real Estate, visit us at: www.stevesimon.us Usefull web tools, Free! at: www.simonremindsme.com

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The structure of the quantum metaphysics

2008-04-11T03:40:00.001-07:00

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by scienceomatica

The idea of spirit as a substantial component of the universe is of course an ancient one, fundamental to the traditional dualistic view most humans hold of the universe and themselves as part of that universe. In this view, planets, rock, trees, and the human body are made of matter, but matter is not everything. Beyond matter exists mind, soul, or spirit, an etherial substance that may even be more "real" than matter - the very quintessence of being. One test for whether a concept has "substance" is to use Occam's razor to excise it from all discourse. If the essential content of discourse remains unchanged, then I would say the concept has no substance. Of course, like most scientific tests, this can only be used to falsify the concept, not verify it. In his talk at this conference, Antony Flew defined spirit as "incorporeal substance." As a physicist, I can relate to that. If such a thing as spirit exists, then I have no problem with it being incorporeal. It does not have to be made of matter as long as it has "substance." I interpret this to mean that although spirit may not be composed of quarks and electrons or other known constituents of matter, it still may be a meaningful concept, amenable to empirical testing or other rational analysis.
In the mid-nineteenth century, many scientists thought that the marvelous new discoveries of science, and the methods of science, could be applied to the world of the spirit as well as to the world of matter. For example, Sir Oliver Lodge, a physicist who had helped demonstrate the reality of electromagnetic waves, argued that if wireless telegraphy was possible, then so was wireless telepathy. Lodge, like most others of the period, believed that electromagnetic waves, including light, were vibrations of a frictionless medium, the aether, that pervaded the universe. It seemed plausible that this medium might also be responsible for the transmission thoughts, that it was the long-sought substance of mind and spirit. The electromagnetic field, like the gravitational field proposed centuries before by Newton, exhibited a holistic character that fit in well with spiritual ideas.

The idea of spirit as a substantial component of the universe is of course an ancient one, fundamental to the traditional dualistic view most humans hold of the universe and themselves as part of that universe. In this view, planets, rock, trees, and the human body are made of matter, but matter is not everything. Beyond matter exists mind, soul, or spirit, an etherial substance that may even be more "real" than matter - the very quintessence of being. One test for whether a concept has "substance" is to use Occam's razor to excise it from all discourse. If the essential content of discourse remains unchanged, then I would say the concept has no substance. Of course, like most scientific tests, this can only be used to falsify the concept, not verify it. In his talk at this conference, Antony Flew defined spirit as "incorporeal substance." As a physicist, I can relate to that. If such a thing as spirit exists, then I have no problem with it being incorporeal. It does not have to be made of matter as long as it has "substance." I interpret this to mean that although spirit may not be composed of quarks and electrons or other known constituents of matter, it still may be a meaningful concept, amenable to empirical testing or other rational analysis.

In the mid-nineteenth century, many scientists thought that the marvelous new discoveries of science, and the methods of science, could be applied to the world of the spirit as well as to the world of matter. For example, Sir Oliver Lodge, a physicist who had helped demonstrate the reality of electromagnetic waves, argued that if wireless telegraphy was possible, then so was wireless telepathy. Lodge, like most others of the period, believed that electromagnetic waves, including light, were vibrations of a frictionless medium, the aether, that pervaded the universe. It seemed plausible that this medium might also be responsible for the transmission thoughts, that it was the long-sought substance of mind and spirit. The electromagnetic field, like the gravitational field proposed centuries before by Newton, exhibited a holistic character that fit in well with spiritual ideas. Matter was particulate, occurring in lumps, and analyzed by the distasteful methods of reductionism in which objects are reduced to the sum of their parts. Fields, on the other hand, were continuous - holistic - occurring everywhere in space, connecting everything to everything else, and analyzable only in the whole. Even today, occultists confuse natural electromagnetic effects with "auras" surrounding living things. A popular con game at psychic fairs is the sale of "aura photographs" that are simply made with infrared-sensitive film. Kirlian photography is another example of a simple electromagnetic phenomenon, corona discharge, that is given imaginary spiritual significance.

Although the atomic theory of matter was well developed by the late nineteenth century, it had not yet been convincingly verified at that time. Many chemists, and a few physicists like Lodge, still held open the possibility that matter might be continuous. The mathematics of fields had been successfully applied to solids and fluids, which appear continuous and wavy on the everyday scale. These scientists suggested that continuity, not atomism, constituted the prime unifying principle for describing the universe of both matter, light, and perhaps spirit.

This comforting notion was shattered as the twentieth century got underway. First, the aether was found not to exist. Second, the atomic theory was confirmed. Third, light was found to be a component of matter, composed of particles we now call photons. And so, discreteness, rather than continuity, became the unifying principle of physics, with the universe composed solely of particulate matter. Quantum mechanics was developed to describe material phenomena in all their various, discrete forms.

However, the situation was not quite so tidy as this short and simplified review may imply. The phenomena that originally led people to postulate its wave nature of light did not go away. Those observations were correct. Furthermore, other forms of matter were shown to also exhibit wave properties. Electrons were found to diffract through small openings in exactly the same way as light. The fact that particles sometimes behaved as waves and waves as particles was called the wave-particle duality. Although matter was sufficient to encompass all known physical phenomena, the apparent two-fold nature of matter gave die hard dualists some comfort. Some associated waves with mind. But waves and particles were not two separate elementary substances but characteristics of the same substance. Whether a physical entity was a wave or a particle seemed to depend on what you measured. Measure its position, and you concluded that the entity is a material body. Measure its wavelength, and you concluded that the entity is some type of continuous field. Furthermore, you can imagine deciding which quantity to measure at the last instant, long after the entity had been emitted from its source, which might be a distant galaxy.

Some have inferred from this puzzle that the very nature of the universe is not objective, but depends on the consciousness of the observer. This latest wrinkle on ancient idealism implies that the universe only exists within some cosmic, quantum field of mind, with the human mind part of that field and existing throughout all space and time. Quantum phenomena seem to be very mysterious, and where mysteries are imagined, the supernatural cannot be far behind. However, despite these misgivings, quantum mechanics developed as a quantitative physical theory that has proven itself capable of making calculations and predictions to a high level of accuracy. After seventy years of exhaustive testing, no observation has been found to be inconsistent with quantum mechanics as a formal, mathematical theory.

Quantum mechanics dealt early with the problem of the wave nature of matter by introducing a mathematical quantity called the wave function. Schrödinger's equation was used to calculate how the wave function evolved with time; the absolute square of the wave function gave the probability that a body would be found at a particular position.

In 1927, Einstein initiated a debate on quantum mechanics with Niels Bohr that continues today, long after their deaths, as others have taken up the arguments one side or the other. Initially Einstein objected to the picture, retained today in most textbooks, in which the wave function instantaneously "collapses" upon measurement. He called this a "spooky action at a distance" because it implied that signals must travel at infinite speeds across the wave front to tell the wave function to go to zero in the places where nothing is detected. To modern dualists, the holistic quantum wave function, with its instantaneous collapse upon the act of observation, has provided a new model for the notion of spirit. They have been wittingly and unwittingly encouraged by various statements made by physicists, some of considerable distinction.

Eugene Wigner is widely quoted in the new literature of quantum mysticism. He once said: "The laws of quantum mechanics itself cannot be formulated . . . without recourse to the concept of consciousness" . A similar statement by John Archibald Wheeler's is also often used, to his dismay, in justifying a connection between the quantum and consciousness: "No elementary quantum phenomenon is a phenomenon until it is a registered phenomenon. . . . In some strange sense, this is a participatory universe" (Wheeler 1982). In their book The Conscious Universe, Astrophysicist Menas Kafatos and Philosopher Robert Nadeau interpret the wave function as ultimate reality itself: ". . . Being, in its physical analogue at least, [has] been 'revealed' in the wave function. . . . . any sense we have of profound unity with the cosmos . . . could be presumed to correlate with the action of the deterministic wave function. . ."

Physicist Amit Goswami sees a "self-aware universe," with quantum mechanics providing support for claims of paranormal phenomena. He says: ". . . psychic phenomena, such as distant viewing and out-of-body experiences, are examples of the nonlocal operation of consciousness . . . Quantum mechanics undergirds such a theory by providing crucial support for the case of nonlocality of consciousness".

This view was also promoted by the late novelist Arthur Koestler, who said: ". . . the apparent absurdities of quantum physics . . . make the apparent absurdities of parapsychology a little less preposterous and more digestible."

In the United States today, alternative healing is all the rage. Traditional folk healing techniques are touted as holistic, in contrast to the reductionistic methods of modern Western medicine. Again, quantum mechanics provides a source of inspiration. Johns Hopkins psychiatrist Patricia Newton explains the mechanism: "(Traditional healers) are able to tap that other realm of negative entropy - that superquantum velocity and frequency of electromagnetic energy and bring them as conduits down to our level. It's not magic. It's not mumbo jumbo. You will see the dawn of the 21st century, the new medical quantum physics really distributing these energies and what they are doing". Despite the claims made in many books, neither psychic phenomena nor the vast array of alternate healing methods are supported by controlled, replicable laboratory studies. They cannot be used as evidence for mind over-matter. Nor can quantum mechanics be used to make these claims more credible. As we will now see, the mysteries and apparent paradoxes of quantum mechanics arise only when we try to cast the theory in words instead of equations, applying the language of everyday human experience to a physical realm where that experience may not be relevant. The words used to describe quantum mechanics in conventional physics textbooks were gleaned from the writings of Bohr, Werner Heisenberg, and Max Born, the primary authors of what is called the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics. In Copenhagen, the wave function is simply a mathematical object used to calculate probabilities. The results of measurements are not pre determined, but occur randomly according to the calculated probabilities. The measuring apparatus must be treated classically and is separate from the quantum system under study. No mechanism is provided for wave function collapse, and in fact collapse is not predicted by the Schrödinger equation.

Louis de Broglie, who first suggested that particles like electrons have wave properties, proposed in 1927 the first of the class of what is now called hidden variables theories of quantum mechanics. He hypothesized that the wave function is a real field associated with a particle. However, Bohr and his supporters talked most of the community, including de Broglie (but not Einstein or Schrödinger), out of hidden variables and they lay dormant until being resurrected by David Bohm in the 1950's. Bohm, who became the major scientific figure in the quantum mysticism movement, had shown that all the results obtained with the Schrödinger equation can be obtained by familiar classical equations of motion, provided that an additional quantum potential is added to the equations to account for quantum effects (Bohm 1952). However, Bohm's theory, as it was proposed, gave no new empirical predictions; neither he nor his followers have yet produced a mechanism for generating a priori the quantum potential.

The hidden variables approach is based on the notion, which Einstein always believed, that quantum mechanics is fine as far as it goes, as a statistical theory, but that some deterministic sub-quantum theory that lies behind physical events remains to be uncovered. Einstein's famous quotation that "God does not play dice" referred to this notion, although he thought Bohm's version was "too cheap". It should be noted that hidden variables theories are not properly labelled as "interpretations" of quantum mechanics since they imply the existence of a deeper theory, not yet discovered.

In the 1960s, John Bell proved an important theorem about hidden variables theories. He showed that any deterministic hidden variables theory capable of giving all the statistical results of standard quantum mechanics must allow for superluminal connections, in violation of Einstein's assertion that no signals can move faster than light. In the jargon of the trade, deterministic hidden variables theories are nonlocal. In popularized language, they are holistic, allowing for simultaneous connections between all points in space. Bell proposed a definitive experimental test that has now been repeated many times with every increasing precision. In all cases, the results are fully consistent with quantum mechanics, requiring deterministic hidden variables, if they exist, to be nonlocal. Instead of giving up on hidden variables because of their apparent conflict with relativity, proponents have taken Bell's theorem to imply hidden variables are even more profound, providing for the holistic universe of the mystic's fondest desires. The problem of nonlocality is dismissed by claiming that no communication of signals faster than light takes place. This conclusion can be proven to be a general property of quantum theory, and will be true for Bohm's theory as long as Bohm's theory is consistent with quantum mechanics. But, as we have seen, Bohm's theory by itself has no unique, testable consequences. We can use Occam's razor to excise it from our discourse, and nothing substantial is changed. The notion of hidden variables has no use unless superluminal connections are observed. This has not yet happened, and so hidden variables remain a non-parsimonious alternative to conventional quantum mechanics.

Another interpretation of quantum mechanics that has caught mystics' inner and outer eyes is the many worlds interpretation of Hugh Everett. Everett was able to develop a formalism that solved some of the problems associated with the conventional Copenhagen view. In particular, he included the measuring apparatus in the system being analyzed, unlike Copenhagen where it must be treated as a separate, classical system. In many worlds, the wave function of the universe does not collapse upon a measurement. Instead, the universe splits into parallel universes in which all possible events occur. In Everett's view, these parallel universes that are deemed to be "equally real." The idea that the universe is continually splitting into parallel universes whenever a measurement or observation is made strike many people as a rather extreme solution to the interpretation problems of quantum mechanics. Nevertheless, as long as the parallel universes cannot interact with one another, we can never disprove the concept. If we reject it, we must do so on aesthetic or parsimonious grounds. More recently, a number of theorists have found ways to recast Everett's ideas in a more economical, commonsensical way. This new interpretation, which some say represents only a small extension of Bohr's thinking, is called consistent histories.
In the consistent histories view, as in Copenhagen and many worlds, the wave function allows you to calculate the probabilities that the universe will take various paths. Unlike many worlds, these paths are not deemed to be "equally real." Instead, the path taken in our universe is chosen randomly, as the toss of coin. The indeterminism of Copenhagen is retained but, unlike Copenhagen, the wave function "decoheres" rather than collapses upon the act of measurement.

Theoretical work has provided for a logically consistent histories theory that agrees with all known data without the introduction of holistic, nonlocal, or mystical elements. In this theory, the only consistent paths (or histories) are those for which probabilities add as they do classically. The quantum-to-classical transition occurs by the mechanism of decoherence induced by measuring instruments or the environment. The idea of decoherence is quite simple. Quantum effects are characterized by phenomena, such as interference and diffraction, that are understood to be coherent properties of the wave function. These occur because the universe is granular, with matter existing in lumps separated by empty space. Only where lumps of matter exist, either in the form of a measuring instrument or environmental body, can particle paths be logically defined. At these points, the particles scatter and decohere and classical paths are produced. Classical mechanics follows as the limit of quantum mechanics in a fine grained universe. In our experience, ordinary light is coherent in air because the probability of a visible photon colliding with an air molecule over the distances involved is small. Gamma ray photons, on the other hand, appear to travel classical paths because they have high probability to scatter, and decohere, over the same distances. By being non-deterministic, consistent histories avoids the problem of nonlocality associated with hidden variables. Some still argue that the wave function is nonlocal, but if it is not a "real" field but a mathematical convenience, who cares? In any case, no signals move faster than the speed of light.

Still some commentators argue that any non-deterministic quantum mechanics, be it Copenhagen or consistent histories, is still incomplete. What "causes" the universe to take the path it does, they ask? Deterministic, nonlocal hidden variables are one answer. But, we have seen that they are necessarily nonlocal and we have no empirical evidence for any superluminal or sub-quantum processes. Another even more poorly justified answer is that the path selection is made by consciousness itself. In the quantum mind interpretation of quantum mechanics, the path taken by the universe, whether you care to describe it in terms of wave function collapse or universe-splitting, is actualized by the action of mind.Now here the theories become impossibly vague and untestable, so I can only indicate some of the language. In some sense, the wave function of the universe is an etheric cosmic mind spread throughout the universe that acts to collapse itself in some unknown way. The human mind (spirit, soul) is, of course, holistically linked to the cosmic mind and so exists in all space and time. Once again we have and example of what Paul Kurtz calls the "transcendental temptation." And so, quantum mind rescues the dualists from the damage caused by the destruction of the electromagnetic aether. But like so many similar proposals, the theory of quantum mind will get nowhere until it makes some prediction that can be tested empirically. In the meantime, its must be rejected as non-parsimonious, especially since we have in our hands a perfectly economical and logically-consistent theory that agrees with all the data and requires no additional component in the universe beyond matter.

http://www.scienceomatica.com

http://www.scienceomatica.com

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A Primer on the Dangers of Bipolar Depression

2008-04-10T03:43:00.001-07:00

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by Tim F Clark

Bipolar Disorder is characterized by several mood disorders, the most notable of all being Bipolar Depression. Bipolar depression is marked by at least one "manic episode," and is assumed to be a chronic condition due to the fact that most individuals who suffer from a manic episode almost certainly suffer more in the future.

Without preventative treatment, a person suffering from Bipolar Disorder may suffer a manic episode every two and a half years, as shown by statistics. He/she would present a unique mood cycle (one that usually combines manic episodes and periods of depression) that can be predicted once it is identified.

Studies have suggested that it occurs much more widely in families with a history of the Disorder. Bipolar Depression usually begins during a patient's teenage years or early adulthood, and persists throughout the rest of his/her life. Bipolar Depression occurs in episodes and is often dismissed as something temporary, rather than as a serious psychological problem. Individuals with Bipolar Disorder may suffer from it for years without treatment as a result.

Mania and depression are known to be the two polar opposites of human emotion, thus giving rise to the term "Bipolar." The term describes the severe mood swings between these two emotional poles. The Bi polar Disorder is also known as "Bi polar Affective Disorder," "Bipolar Personality Disorder," "Bipolar Mood Disorder," "Manic Depression," and "Manic Depressive Illness," all of which refer to the same psychological problem. At any moment, slightly more than one out of every hundred Americans suffer from Bi polar Depression.

In a manic episode, a person may feel euphoric, excessively happy, and hyperactive. Some individuals may even display delusions of grandeur. When the manic phase passes into the "depressed phase," the individual's mood changes drastically. He/she may then experience deep sadness and despair, and may even harbor thoughts of suicide. These unusually severe mood swings occur to individuals suffering from Bipolar Depression many times during their lives, although the frequency may vary greatly from person to person. Some may experience several of these episodes in a single year, while others may only experience one or two in a lifetime.

Not all episodes begin in the manic phase, however an episode may begin in with the sufferer falling into a deep depressive phase, which eventually gives way to the manic phase. Most Bipolar Depression patients experience their first severe mood swing in their teenage years or early twenties some have even been found to suffer their first episode before the age of ten. All in all, most patients experience their first attack of Bipolar Depression before the age of 50. Onsets of the problem during the 70's and 80's are rare, although they do happen.

No matter the individual's age, Bipolar Depression affects both susceptible men and women in nearly equal numbers. Many sufferers - especially those unaware of their condition - may use drugs or alcohol during manic episodes in an attempt to treat themselves. This often results in the development of secondary substance abuse problems, which only serve to aggravate their condition.

On the other hand, some studies have found significant links between creativity and Bipolar Depression, albeit very unclear ones. One study indicated an increased drive towards achieving personal goals in individuals suffering from Bipolar Depression. While not always the case, individuals with suffering from it also tend to be more extroverted and outgoing than those without.

Bipolar Depression has also been found in a large number of individuals involved in the arts, and studies are currently being taken to discover why many creative geniuses have Bipolar Depression.

Tim Clark writes health related articles, the majority of which can be found on his website on bi polar disorder , where he has a large listing of bipolar articles. If you're looking form more bi polar depression information just follow the preceding link.

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A Primer on the Dangers of Bipolar Depression

2008-04-09T03:58:00.001-07:00

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20th Century Genius Award Paper - Gene Roddenberry

2008-04-08T03:35:00.001-07:00

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by Michael J Spindler

The authors' nomination for the 20th Century Genius Award goes to Gene Roddenberry. Mr. Roddenberry's gift to the world is a message of the human condition and the endless possibilities that the human civilization holds in their own hands. Through the guise of a simple, low budget science fiction program, Roddenberry presented on a weekly basis, morality tales "using futuristic situations as analogies for current problems on Earth."(Day, D) In a time when America was under going geopolitical, social, and political turmoil, Roddenberry gave his audience hope for the future and seamless direction on how to get there today.

Measuring the cultural and social impact of a TV show or event is never easy. But there are numerous indications that Star Trek has had an influence on many peoples' lives. This can be seen in a variety of ways, from the inclusion in mass-market dictionaries of words and phrases originally invented for the show, to the testimonials of people who claim that their career and life choices were influenced by Star Trek. .(Day, D)

The reader does not need to be a connoisseur of science fiction, nor even have an appreciation for the television series Star Trek. Regardless, the readers' life has been affected directly and indirectly by Roddenberry's vision. "Star Trek also attracts and excites generations of viewers about advanced science and engineering, and it's almost the only show that depicts scientists and engineers positively, as role models." (Batchelor, 1993) A generation of youth was inspired by the vision of "what if?" in the worlds of technology, astronomy, physics, engineering, etcetera. This inspiration led to an explosion in technological advances from cell phones to ion drive propulsion, now in use in interplanetary probes. From the 1970s to present, it was almost as if Roddenberry gave a glimpse of future technologies and how technological advances would help to push civilization forward in pursuit of a better world. Now the dream of "what if?" has become reality and new technologies come easier, faster, and by some coincidence in the direction for use as played out in Roddenberry's television series.

Roddenberry's intention was to use Star Trek as a platform to play out real life issues under the guise of entertainment. "Cultural output is thus seen as a mirror of social and political inputsa reflection of sorts of the fears, dreams, and preoccupations of society." (Brynen, 1999) Society as a whole may be unaware of the direction the people are taking in the world. That is until an artist holds a mirror to face of humanity, offering up a chance for self examination and reflection. By presenting this reflection to an audience that is caught up in the story and the interaction of characters, without even being aware of the message, the audience begins to transform ones own thinking about the world around them and their role in the world.

For example, perhaps one of the most carefully orchestrated relationships played out through many incarnations was an alien race known as the Klingons. The introduction of this alien species was an indirect representation of the real life cold war enemy the Russians and the communist fear. The 1960s had been a critical period for the entire world, as a constant nuclear threat was real and always present. Roddenberry's development of the Klingons and the war like society they came from presented the main characters a challenge of tolerance and attempts at finding peaceable solutions to their mutually conflicting backgrounds and cultural mentalities. As in real life, there were the occasional military conflicts, but the continuing message was to continue working through cultural differences for an understanding and peaceful co-existence.

The author cannot say that Star Trek changed politicians thinking, logic, or motivations, but the impact on the social consciousness is evident as society began to evolve through the 1970s and on through to the collapse of the Soviet government. If the reader was to ask a young person about how the cold war affected his or her life, the author would venture to guess that the respondent would have to ask "What was the cold war?". In the years leading to the days of the collapse of the Soviet Union, military tensions remained high between the United States and the Soviet Union, but society's view of the threat diminished slightly over time through the decades that followed the 1960s. Was this because of a shared fear of a mutually assured destruction (MAD) and a developing understanding that the people of the Soviet Union were very much like the Americans in shared hopes and dreams? Could the people of Earth survived without one or the other, MAD or an understanding? In Roddenberry's vision, both opponents, the crew of the Enterprise and the Klingons, were equally capable of destroying the other, possibly with significant losses in the process. But Roddenberry's message was always one of finding a means to peace and celebrating shared commonality.

Prior to the 1960s, in the authors' opinion, America might as well have been the poster child of white supremacy and ethnic ignorance. Again Roddenberry pushed for diversity in his vision of the future. A time in which people of all ethnic backgrounds would come together as equals in a pursuit of knowledge and exploration.

Roddenberry envisioned a multi-ethnic crew, including an African-American woman, a Scotsman, a Japanese American, and most notably, an alien, the half-Vulcan Mr. Spock. In the second season Roddenberry added a Russian crewmember at a time when the United States was engaged in a tense cold war with the Soviet Union. Blacks and women were also shown as scientists and doctors on the ship. (Day, n.d.)

A unique characteristic about ignorance; it can be coaxed out of existence through exposure to situations that would normally not be observed in common place. Roddenberry presented to families on a weekly basis, adventures and tales of survival so exciting, that people began to see beyond the ethnic representations of the characters and saw a team of people achieving the unbelievable.

Was this tolerance or acceptance by the common people of other ethnicities? Whatever the first step, society has continued to evolve. The abolishment of ignorance has transformed neighborhoods, the workplace, and every other aspect of life towards pure social integration. Just 25 years earlier, prior to the airing of Star Trek, Japanese Americans were sent to "camps" with no regard to their innocence or place in society. This action was based purely on a racist preconception by government authorities, who were a representation of the American people.

Perhaps more on the minds of outside observers was that the 1960s represented the birth of civil rights, woman's rights, and other minority concerns at the time. In no other media outlet at the time was there a representation of ethnic diversity sharing equal and esteemed roles such as scientists, officers, doctors, and engineers. Added to the kettle of diversity was the weekly interaction with alien races. At times, there would be conflict or a shared hardship, but in the end, the message was the same, understanding and appreciation of the differences between the various races, could bring peace to what otherwise could have been a volatile situation.

The integration of ethnic and cultural diversity that the world now enjoys could never have been forced upon a society. Roddenberry's genius was in his ability to present to the world a vision for a future based on changing how humans as a society interact today. "Gene Roddenberry once noted that his inspiration came from "concentrating on something about our world that annoys meso that I get sufficiently moved, so that I want to write about how, in the Star Trek world, it's done differently."" (Brynen, 1999) As society continues to grow and celebrates the shared ethnic diversity, perhaps the advances in technology, that sparked the imagination of millions and changed our world, will help to advance the human race to the stars and beyond. But no one is going to the stars until society moves forward as one. "At its most basic level, Star Trek had a simple humanistic message: humanity will be okay." (Day, n.d.)

References - Do Not Strip Article References

Batchelor, D. A. (1993). The Science of Star Trek. Retrieved January 29, 2008, from http://ssdoo.gsfc.nasa.gov/education/just_for_fun/startrek.html

Brynen, R. (1999, February 08;). Mirror, Mirror? The Politics of Television Science Fiction. Retrieved January 29, 2008, from http://www.arts.mcgill.ca/MEPP/exofile/sftv.html

Day, D. (n.d.). Star Trek as a Cultural Phenomenon. Retrieved January 29, 2008, from http://www.centennialofflight.gov/essay

Researched and Authored by: Michael J. Spindler of Local Music Hits

Free to distribute - However- Do not strip Research Article References, remove the HTML if needed, but keep the URL text.

About the Author: Michael J. Spindler Michael has a multitude of interests, from Local Music Bands, Arts, Psychology, Sociology, Business Techniques and many more... As time goes by, most of my articles will focus on the world of Local Music. But at this time, I would like to share with you my other varied interest.

A Musicians Community for Fans and the Bands to promote local music on a national stage. Listen to streaming audio of future hit music. Rate, Vote, and search for play dates of your favorite music from local musicians and bands from across the nation.

Do Not Remove the Authors name: Michael J. Spindler and keep all hyperlinks pointing to: http://www.localmusichits.com - I use software that compares my "library" and scours the web for postings. When I find my article on your site and you have not followed the above binding agreements, Lawyers will be sending letters. A considerable investment of time is involved with this content. Local Music Hits

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Divorce Law New York (Attorney's Fees)

2008-04-07T03:35:00.001-07:00

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by David Siegel

It is clear that the trial court has general power to award attorney fees pursuant to subsection (a) of this section and also pursuant to the plenary equitable powers of the trial court; however, regardless of the source, the power must be exercised while the trial court retains general jurisdiction over the cause. Where the court had evidence before it of the financial resources of both parties when ruling on the issue of attorney fees and where no hearing had been requested, the trial court's failure to conduct a hearing on the propriety of the award of attorney fees was not error. The award of attorney fees is based on a showing of the inability of one spouse to pay and the ability of the other spouse to do so. The court may order either spouse to pay a reasonable amount for the costs and attorney fees necessarily incurred by the other spouse. The granting of attorney fees is improper where no evidence is heard as to the items of service which were performed, the basis of the amount requested, or the reasonableness of such fees.

Where petition for fees was submitted prior to entry of a judgment dispositive of the merits of the action, and where the clear import of the language of subsection (a) of this section was that the court may order attorney fees to be paid by either party to either attorney, the provision was given its clear meaning and the trial court properly entered judgment in favor of a firm against its own client. The general rule concerning awards of attorney fees in a divorce suit is that the party seeking such relief must show financial inability to pay and the ability of the other spouse to do so. The fees allowed in dissolution proceeding should be fair to all the parties involved: the attorney to be compensated, the client, and the person required to make the payment.

The amount awarded should be fair compensation for those services which were reasonable and necessary to the action. The propriety of an award of attorney fees depends on the particular facts of each case; in determining whether a party is unable to pay attorney fees the assets of that party must be weighed in light of the parties' standard of living. To justify the allowance of attorney fees, the party seeking relief must show financial inability to pay and the ability of the other spouse to do so. The party seeking to recover attorney fees must show financial inability to pay and the ability of the other spouse to do so; the decision in regard to fees then rests within the sound discretion of the trial court. Attorney fees in a dissolution of marriage proceeding are the primary obligation of the party for whom the services are rendered. The allowance of attorney fees to an opposing party is justified where the party seeking relief demonstrates financial inability to pay and the ability of the other spouse to do so. Although the trial court is permitted wide discretion in awarding attorney fees, that discretion is not unbounded. The allowance of attorney fees for appeal rests within the sound discretion of the trial court, which allowance will not be disturbed on review in the absence of a clear showing of abuse; fees may be allowed only upon findings of inability to pay by the petitioning spouse, and that the other spouse is able to pay.

The well-established principle that the amount of attorney fees rests in the sound discretion of the trial judge, and will not be interfered with unless abused, applies to support awards. The allowance of attorney fees in a divorce proceeding is not automatic, but depends on a showing that one spouse is financially unable to pay the fees, while the other is able to do so. The decisions whether to grant periodic alimony, attorney fees, and suit money rest in the sound discretion of the circuit court. The matter of fixing attorney fees is one of the few areas in which a trial judge may rely on the pleadings, affidavits on file and on his own experience. Former section 15 of the Divorce Act authorized the trial court to order the payment of such attorney fees as may seem equitable, regardless of the disposition of the case. The awarding of attorney fees rests in the sound discretion of the trial court and will not be interfered with unless such discretion is clearly abused.

Ability to Pay

In General The trial court did not err in requiring ex-wife to pay a majority of her attorney fees. For purposes of determining an award of attorney fees, financial inability exists where the forced payment of available funds would strip a person of his or her means of support and undermine his or her economic stability. The party seeking attorney fees must show an inability to pay, and the ability of the other spouse to pay fees. Before one spouse may recover attorney fees from the other, the spouse seeking fees must demonstrate that he or she is financially unable to pay and that the other spouse has the ability to pay; a mere showing that the other spouse has a greater ability to pay attorney fees is not sufficient to justify an award of fees under this section.

Former Law

Under former Rev.Stat., ch. 40, para. 16 in order to justify allowance of attorney's fees in a divorce case, the party seeking the relief needed to show financial inability to pay and the ability of the other spouse to do so; however, financial inability was not synonymous with destitution for the income and assets of both parties were considered, and if use of the available funds of the party seeking the attorney's fees would strip the person of the means of his support and undermine his economic stability, financial inability to pay such fees was shown.

It must be shown that the party seeking this relief is financially unable to pay and that the party seeking this relief is financially unable to pay and that the other party is able to do so; however, when a party does not request a hearing on his ability to pay or his opponent's inability to pay, the right to such a hearing is waived and the court may base its decision on the financial conditions of the parties as shown by the record.

Installment Order

Few can afford the expenses of divorce without incurring debt, which must be paid by someone; a party who does not have the present ability to pay his own attorney fees can nevertheless be ordered to pay his own attorney, although enforcement might have to be accomplished by an installment order.

Not Shown

Even though respondent had greater earning capacity he could not pay the bulk of petitioner's attorney's fees and continue to pay his own monthly expenses and attorney fees.

New York City divorce and family law firm handling divorce and family law cases throughout New York City and the surrounding areas. Results driven law firm with experience and skill to handle the most difficult cases. Divorce Lawyers New York

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What Barack Obama and Hillary Clinton Have To Do With Your Need To Learn To Speak Spanish

2008-04-06T09:02:00.001-07:00

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by Paul W. Brown

Recently the media reported a study by the New England Historic Genealogical Society, which found that Barack Obama is related to Brad Pitt and Hillary Clinton to Angelina Jolie. Distant cousins, yes, but who would have thought that? However, if we stop and think about it, we realize that despite our differences we are not as different as we think. We are truly only separated by 6 degrees as we all are members of the human race. That being said, why would any North American Anglophone want or need to learn to speak Spanish fluently. Well let us look at our geographic proximity to South America, Central America, Mexico and Latin America all of which primarily speak Spanish (with the exception of Brazil). Would you not want to be able to communicate with your neighbors if they were Spanish-speaking? We are all connected and to learn to speak fluent Spanish would be a step in the right direction.

Then there is the numbers game. You should seriously consider learning to speak Spanish fluently because over 400 million people worldwide speak Spanish and that includes countries such as Trinidad and Tobago, Philippines, Equatorial Guinea, Morocco and Gibraltar. That's about half of the population in the Western Hemisphere! In addition, within the United States, Spanish is the second most widely spoken language after English. This has opened up more employment opportunities for individuals who speak both English and Spanish and the ability to speak both languages will continue to become increasingly valuable for people who live in the U.S. with each passing year putting them in the advantage.

Spanish is a romance language and hence knowing Spanish is a stepping-stone to understanding many millions of other people who speak one of the other romance languages such as Italian, Portuguese or French and also can strengthen your ties with the European continent as well. Because of the similarities in grammar structure and vocabulary, once you acquire fluency in Spanish, you can become fluent in other languages in a shorter time than it would take someone who is learning their first romance language.

Lastly, if you have been living as a desert monk in complete solitude and isolation (which, I may add, is not such a bad thing to do from time to time), thanks to technology and the information highway, our world is no longer that big. Economic globalization is the main driving force behind the increasing importance of being able to communicate with those from other countries. For obvious reasons, the modern trend now shows that more Americans are studying Spanish in record numbers due to many factors, but most importantly, education in an international setting is becoming a top mandate for the American government because people need to be economically competitive. Therefore, it would be a worthwhile and wise personal investment to learn to speak Spanish fluently and to have Spanish as your instrument of connection to re-connect with the Human Network.

You can learn fluent Spanish with this exceptional course. Now is the time to learn Spanish rapidly and enrich your life and open yourself to many new and exciting opportunities.

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Should You Go Back to College?

2008-04-04T11:28:00.000-07:00

by K. Smith

"Are you an older student planning to go back to college? If so, you aren't alone. In fact, the National Center for Education Statistics reports that more than three million students over the age of thirty-five currently attend college. Higher education represents a substantial investment, especially if you have children and a spouse. Returning to school may require time spent away from your family and could compel you to cut back on work hours or make other financial sacrifices.

Examine your motivation and resources before enrolling in college. Whether your educational goal involves an undergraduate degree, graduate degree, or vocational training, you will be more likely to succeed if first you consider the impact of returning to school. These tips can help you plan for the extra load and work higher education into an adult life.

Do You Have Time?

Even with kids and a job it's possible to carve out time for homework and classroom sessions. It may take some serious discipline, however. Prepare by purchasing tabbed notebooks, a calendar, and a day planner. Take careful notes during class, organize classroom handouts, and secure a seat where you can clearly hear the instructor. You might even use a tape recorder to capture lectures for future reference. By staying well-organized and making the most of your class periods you can streamline your study time outside of class.

If you still don't have enough free minutes to honor your job and family commitments, consider taking night classes or attending school part-time. While part-time school may take longer than full-time school, it can allow you more hours with loved ones and extra time to study and relax.

Do You Have Enough Money?

If you are concerned about the cost of college, don't despair. Find financial support for your studies by:

* Checking with your university's financial aid counselor about possible scholarships, grants, assistantships, and even work-study options

* Applying for federal grants and loans by completing your online Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA)

* Asking your employer's human resources department about any tuition reimbursement plans offered

* Looking into other sources of funding like private student loans, home equity loans, or borrow from your 401(k) at work.

Try not to let any initial fiscal setbacks trip you up. If you are attending school to obtain a larger skill set or to find a higher-paying job, your college education could ultimately prove to be a lucrative investment in your financial future. In fact, many studies indicate that higher levels of education usually lead to higher salaries. The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), for example, reports that people with master's degrees average more than twice the yearly salary of people who only have high-school diplomas.

Are Your Goals Clearly Defined?

It is vital to know exactly what you'd like to gain from your college education. If you can't garner a managerial role without a Master's of Business Administration (MBA), or if you need a bachelor's degree to switch careers, then a full-length college program could be a wise investment. If still unclear about the requirements for your desired career, you can:

* Interview someone working in your desired field: ask him or her about degree requirements, necessary skills, and annual salaries.

* Complete a personality test: personality tests, such as the Myers-Briggs test, may be useful in helping you find occupational matches for your unique character traits.

* Speak with a career counselor: you might even find a good counselor at a local university--many school-based career counselors are more than happy to assist community members.

* Research your prospective career online. The U.S. Department of Labor provides detailed job descriptions, career outlooks, and salary statistics.

If you only want to gain a minor technical skill, like applying a new computer program or learning conversational Spanish, you may not need to earn a degree. In this case, a community college class might be cheaper and less time-consuming. Having clearly defined goals is important for financial reasons and can help you stay fully motivated through your entire college experience.

Is an Online Degree a Better Option?

Online education can give working professionals distinct advantages over their traditionally-educated counterparts, including:

* The ability to keep a full-time job: since online degrees allow you to finish homework at your own pace, you can complete your studies after work or on weekends.

* Increased mobility: online coursework can be completed from any location with an Internet connection--you could work in a coffee shop, on your porch, or in the public library.

* Save commuting time and expense: not only can online classes help you save on transportation fees and parking permits, you might be able to find your textbooks online in digital format.

* Greater ease with technology: using video-chat software, Internet browsers, and word-processing applications are some of the skills you will gain in addition to your formal education. These proficiencies may also impress potential employers.

Will Your Family Support You?

* Explain your reasons for returning to school. Whether you are striving for a big promotion, transitioning to a new career, or simply seeking out a scholarly challenge, your family should understand your motivations.

* Discuss the potential impact on your family's budget. If your return to school means eating out less or forgoing your family's summer trip to Hawaii, be upfront and honest about it.

* Inform your family of your studying needs. If you tell your kids ahead of time that you will need a quiet space to finish homework they will be prepared when you disappear into your office or leave to visit the library.

In addition to tapping your family's emotional support, consider joining an adult student support group in your community or online. A gathering of like-minded students can provide valuable encouragement as you strive toward achieving your degree. "

Kelli Smith is the senior editor of www.Edu411.org. Edu411.org is a career education directory of colleges and universities, career training schools, and technical institutes.

Polar Bear - Alterations In Sea Ice Threatens The Species

2008-04-03T03:49:00.000-07:00

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by Frankie Kangas

Polar Bear adaptation to the cold and unforgiving Northern climate is one of nature's marvels. The dynamic sea ice, where polar bear live, is one of the harshest and most unforgiving climates on the globe.

It's only in modern evolutionary cycle that bears accommodated to arctic sea life. It started about the time of the Ice Age, in the northern seas, when the seals needed to breathe and reproduce at the water's surface. From this, the seals placed a rich year-round food source within reach of a population of brown bears, who then set out to live on the ice, changing into something similar to the polar bear of today, around 100,000 years ago.

Weighing about 330 to 1,760 pounds, the length of the polar bear's body is around 6.6 to 10 feet. The male body is usually heavier than the female. The polar bear, similar to the brown bear, is big and heavyset. It has an long neck and small head. Its fur, typically white, sometimes appears yellow, due to oxidation.

A polar bear has black skin, which aids it's adjustment to the Arctic temperature, absorbing and holding heat from the sunlight. It is decidedly well attired for the weather with a layer of fat more than 4 inches thick, providing good insulation. The thick fur on its feet (its foot is about 9 inches wide and 12 inches long) offers warmth and traction. As each foot is so huge, it acts as a handy snowshoe.

It adjusts well to swimming with its broad feet that serve as paddles and when swimming underwater it lays the little ears flat for protection, and its nostrils close under water. It paddles at about 6 and one-half miles per hour --forepaws only, hind feet trailing--and can stay submerged for about 2 minutes. The hairs of its waterproof coat are hollow which is a good insulator and increases the bear's buoyancy while swimming.

A polar bear has an excellent sense of smell, sensing prey at a distance of about 20 miles. While little is known about its sense of touch (its eyesight and hearing is acute), a polar bear is able to manipulate various objects with great dexterity.

With canine teeth larger and malariform teeth sharper than those of other bears, the polar bear is the most carnivorous North American bear.

A polar bear inhabits Arctic islands, sea ice, and water and continental coastlines. It favors the sea ice habitat, with water channels or cracks through the ice, next to continental coastlines or islands. A lot of polar bears spend part of the year on land, although in warmer climates a bear might become isolated. Most pregnant females spend the autumn and winter on land in maternity dens.

A polar bear moves throughout the year within single home ranges, which tend to be larger than for other mammal species because of the changes in sea ice from year to year and even season to season. Small home ranges (19,000 to 23,000 miles) can be observed near Canadian Arctic Islands, while bigger home ranges can be found in the Bering or Chukchi Sea regions. The polar bear stays in the same area during the same time of year. A polar bear can travel 19 miles or more per day for several days, although some are capable of much more than that. One can only hope that polar bear adaptation will continue, as their habitat area becomes increasingly smaller and the pressures of civilization continue to encroach on the the natural homes where the polar bear dwell.

For more information, check out my blog Polar Bear News. You can also find information at Are You Polar Bear Aware? and Polar Bear Video Showcase

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Bachelor Degree Education Equals Educational Excellence

2008-04-02T06:37:00.001-07:00

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by Mike Philips

Bachelor Degree Education is a particular program, which serves to fulfill the basic requirements of inadequately educated adults and those looking for a more holistic academic background. The program is split up into various sub sections and broad classes. These are specific programs looking into practical teaching, learning various other kinds of related services. The program splits itself into some broad categories such as:

- Adult and Continuing Education Administration
- Adult and Continuing Education and Teaching
- Agricultural Teacher Education
- Art Teacher Education

There are many universities, which are now offering online accredited degree programs. They are not time consuming, they also save money and most importantly labour and energy. Many students are now signing on for online accredited degree programs and online bachelors degrees.

There are many types of streams like family development studies and survey engagement, both of which are very popular and are in demand from students all over the world. The online degree programs are being recognized as some of the best education facilities offered to students all over the world. Students at various places have now started applying for online degree programs, instead of regular universities courses.

Other programs are degree completion programs, which obviously take care of the education until the degree is completed. The online programs are amazing ways to reach out to all of them who are keen on getting a degree but do not have enough time to attend the regular classes. The distance education programs and online distant education enable all long distance students to benefit directly from these programs.

Universities all over the world have opened up online schools for the benefit of all those who want to derive the best in education. There is provision for regionally accredited college and other types of colleges. These places are good options for students. It has been surveyed that online education programs are growing rapidly in terms of popularity.

The courses available are as follows:

- Online bachelors degree in psychology
- Engineering bachelors degree online
- Online bachelors psychology
- Accredited bachelors degrees online
- Distance learning bachelors degrees
- Bachelors education online
- Doctors degrees online
- Online criminal justice bachelors degree
- Earn bachelors degree online

There is wide range of choice for students queuing up to benefit from these online courses. These courses are good enough to be ranked among the best courses available online. Students who have signed up for the course have been particularly satisfied with the experience. The online courses for criminal psychology, doctor's degrees and the criminal justice courses are especially popular for young hopefuls, who line up to be a part of this education system.

The best part of these courses is that there is no time limit or any other obvious restrictions. People living anywhere in any part of the world can sign up for these courses. The students, who are keen on getting an engineering degree, can also make the most of these courses, while being gainfully employed. Go and enroll in Bachelor Degree Education as it offers this whole gamut of options open for you.

Mike O'Brien offers advice and information about an online bachelor degree . This quality web site is easily navigated with it's simple uncluttered layout design and it has an ever growing selection of online degree and college course information at your fingertips!

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Adult Education - 7 Tips to Success in Your College Study

2008-04-01T04:53:00.001-07:00

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by Amelia Turner

Many working individuals are returning to continue their college study either offline or online. Most of working individuals are pursuing their career related degree either for the purpose of preparation for job promotion or career advancement. If you have worked for quite some time, returning to college may required some time to adapt yourself to the new learning curve and get yourself to success complete your degree program.

For a working adult that goes back for study, you may find that the greatest challenge for you is find your time to work, live and allocate time for study. Here are 7 tips to maximum your time allocation for study and successfully complete your degree on time.

Tip #1: Bring a long your book where ever you go

For a working adult who is taking courses, time is really constraint for you; you must smartly and fully utilize any free time available. Time spent waiting in line and in the car or time left after lunch hour can be your study time. Hence, always bring along at least a book with you where ever you go so that you can fully utilize any leisure time for your study.

Tip #2: Keep a recorder in your handbag or suitcase

After reading a chapter or a book some time a new idea or solution may come across your mind, if you did not record it immediately, you may not be able to recall it later. Hence, always keep a recorder in your handbag or suitcase so that you can use it to record any new idea, assignment draft or solutions to homework or assignment. If you do have recorder, at least bring along papers and pen, but recorder is very useful if ideas flow and you can't write thing down.

Tip #3: Bookmark important point with post-it note

Once you have finished a chapter, try to summary it into point form and write these points in post-it note and paste it on the top corner of that chapter. These post-it bookmarks will save you a lot of time when you need re-read for examination preparation.

Tip #4: Learn to say "NO"

While pursue your college degree, you should reduce time waited on entertainment and shopping. Sometime, you need to learn how to say "No" when you friend ask you to go out for movie or other entertainment so that you can spend more time for study. Of course, you can't eliminate totally your entertainment time else your life will be boring, just reduce some hours so that you can allocate more time for your study.

Tip #5: Find a study environment that is comfort to you

If you are a kind person that can be interrupted during your study time, then you should find a quite place such as library for study, and during your study time, switch your cell phone to silent mode so that your won't be interrupted by any incoming calls.

Tip #6: Write down notes or highlight important points

While reading a chapter, write down important notes on that chapter or use highlighter to mark the parts that are important so that it will ease your revision and preparation for examination.

Tip #7: Find time to rest & exercise

Don't let yourself to go exhausted. Effective time management to allocate enough time for rest and do a bit of exercise so that you keep your body health and your mind always in refresh condition to absorb the most from your study.

Summary

In order to face your greatest challenge of college degree study and allocate your time effectively for work, live and study, you need to make micro-changes on your living style so that your have the maximum time to study and complete your degree program on time.

Amelia Turner, an educational article writer for http://www.your-online-degree.info You can find more details information and free resources about online business degrees, online education schools, financial aids and other online education programs.

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Context, Background, Meaning

2008-03-31T04:05:00.001-07:00

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by Sam Vaknin

I. The Meaning-Egg and the Context-chicken

Did the Laws of Nature precede Nature or were they created with it, in the Big Bang? In other words, did they provide Nature with the context in which it unfolded? Some, like Max Tegmark, an MIT cosmologist, go as far as to say that mathematics is not merely the language which we use to describe the Universe - it is the Universe itself. The world is an amalgam of mathematical structures, according to him. The context is the meaning is the context ad infinitum.

By now, it is a trite observation that meaning is context-dependent and, therefore, not invariant or immutable. Contextualists in aesthetics study a work of art's historical and cultural background in order to appreciate it. Philosophers of science have convincingly demonstrated that theoretical constructs (such as the electron or dark matter) derive their meaning from their place in complex deductive systems of empirically-testable theorems. Ethicists repeat that values are rendered instrumental and moral problems solvable by their relationships with a-priori moral principles. In all these cases, context precedes meaning and gives interactive birth to it.

However, the reverse is also true: context emerges from meaning and is preceded by it. This is evident in a surprising array of fields: from language to social norms, from semiotics to computer programming, and from logic to animal behavior.

In 1700, the English empiricist philosopher, John Locke, was the first to describe how meaning is derived from context in a chapter titled "Of the Association of Ideas" in the second edition of his seminal "Essay Concerning Human Understanding". Almost a century later, the philosopher James Mill and his son, John Stuart Mill, came up with a calculus of contexts: mental elements that are habitually proximate, either spatially or temporally, become associated (contiguity law) as do ideas that co-occur frequently (frequency law), or that are similar (similarity law).

But the Mills failed to realize that their laws relied heavily on and derived from two organizing principles: time and space. These meta principles lend meaning to ideas by rendering their associations comprehensible. Thus, the contiguity and frequency laws leverage meaningful spatial and temporal relations to form the context within which ideas associate. Context-effects and Gestalt and other vision grouping laws, promulgated in the 20th century by the likes of Max Wertheimer, Irvin Rock, and Stephen Palmer, also rely on the pre-existence of space for their operation.

Contexts can have empirical or exegetic properties. In other words: they can act as webs or matrices and merely associate discrete elements; or they can provide an interpretation to these recurrent associations, they can render them meaningful. The principle of causation is an example of such interpretative faculties in action: A is invariably followed by B and a mechanism or process C can be demonstrated that links them both. Thereafter, it is safe to say that A causes B. Space-time provides the backdrop of meaning to the context (the recurrent association of A and B) which, in turn, gives rise to more meaning (causation).

But are space and time "real", objective entities - or are they instruments of the mind, mere conventions, tools it uses to order the world? Surely the latter. It is possible to construct theories to describe the world and yield falsifiable predictions without using space or time or by using counterintuitive and even "counterfactual' variants of space and time.

Another Scottish philosopher, Alexander Bains, observed, in the 19th century, that ideas form close associations also with behaviors and actions. This insight is at the basis for most modern learning and conditioning (behaviorist) theories and for connectionism (the design of neural networks where knowledge items are represented by patterns of activated ensembles of units).

Similarly, memory has been proven to be state-dependent: information learnt in specific mental, physical, or emotional states is most easily recalled in similar states. Conversely, in a process known as redintegration, mental and emotional states are completely invoked and restored when only a single element is encountered and experienced (a smell, a taste, a sight).

It seems that the occult organizing mega-principle is the mind (or "self"). Ideas, concepts, behaviors, actions, memories, and patterns presuppose the existence of minds that render them meaningful. Again, meaning (the mind or the self) breeds context, not the other way around. This does not negate the views expounded by externalist theories: that thoughts and utterances depend on factors external to the mind of the thinker or speaker (factors such as the way language is used by experts or by society). Even avowed externalists, such as Kripke, Burge, and Davidson admit that the perception of objects and events (by an observing mind) is a prerequisite for thinking about or discussing them. Again, the mind takes precedence.

But what is meaning and why is it thought to be determined by or dependent on context?

II. Meaning and Language: it's all in the Mind

Many theories of meaning are contextualist and proffer rules that connect sentence type and context of use to referents of singular terms (such as egocentric particulars), truth-values of sentences and the force of utterances and other linguistic acts. Meaning, in other words, is regarded by most theorists as inextricably intertwined with language. Language is always context-determined: words depend on other words and on the world to which they refer and relate. Inevitably, meaning came to be described as context-dependent, too. The study of meaning was reduced to an exercise in semantics. Few noticed that the context in which words operate depends on the individual meanings of these words.

Gottlob Frege coined the term Bedeutung (reference) to describe the mapping of words, predicates, and sentences onto real-world objects, concepts (or functions, in the mathematical sense) and truth-values, respectively. The truthfulness or falsehood of a sentence are determined by the interactions and relationships between the references of the various components of the sentence. Meaning relies on the overall values of the references involved and on something that Frege called Sinn (sense): the way or "mode" an object or concept is referred to by an expression. The senses of the parts of the sentence combine to form the "thoughts" (senses of whole sentences).

Yet, this is an incomplete and mechanical picture that fails to capture the essence of human communication. It is meaning (the mind of the person composing the sentence) that breeds context and not the other way around. Even J. S. Mill postulated that a term's connotation (its meaning and attributes) determines its denotation (the objects or concepts it applies to, the term's universe of applicability).

As the Oxford Companion to Philosophy puts it (p. 411):

"A context of a form of words is intensional if its truth is dependent on the meaning, and not just the reference, of its component words, or on the meanings, and not just the truth-value, of any of its sub-clauses."

It is the thinker, or the speaker (the user of the expression) that does the referring, not the expression itself!

Moreover, as Kaplan and Kripke have noted, in many cases, Frege's contraption of "sense" is, well, senseless and utterly unnecessary: demonstratives, proper names, and natural-kind terms, for example, refer directly, through the agency of the speaker. Frege intentionally avoided the vexing question of why and how words refer to objects and concepts because he was weary of the intuitive answer, later alluded to by H. P. Grice, that users (minds) determine these linkages and their corresponding truth-values. Speakers use language to manipulate their listeners into believing in the manifest intentions behind their utterances. Cognitive, emotive, and descriptive meanings all emanate from speakers and their minds.

Initially, W. V. Quine put context before meaning: he not only linked meaning to experience, but also to empirically-vetted (non-introspective) world-theories. It is the context of the observed behaviors of speakers and listeners that determines what words mean, he said. Thus, Quine and others attacked Carnpa's meaning postulates (logical connections as postulates governing predicates) by demonstrating that they are not necessary unless one possesses a separate account of the status of logic (i.e., the context).

Yet, this context-driven approach led to so many problems that soon Quine abandoned it and relented: translation - he conceded in his seminal tome, "Word and Object" - is indeterminate and reference is inscrutable. There are no facts when it comes to what words and sentences mean. What subjects say has no single meaning or determinately correct interpretation (when the various interpretations on offer are not equivalent and do not share the same truth value).

As the Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy summarily puts it (p. 194):

"Inscrutability (Quine later called it indeterminacy - SV) of reference (is) (t)he doctrine ... that no empirical evidence relevant to interpreting a speaker's utterances can decide among alternative and incompatible ways of assigning referents to the words used; hence there is no fact that the words have one reference or another" - even if all the interpretations are equivalent (have the same truth value).

Meaning comes before context and is not determined by it. Wittgenstein, in his later work, concurred.

Inevitably, such a solipsistic view of meaning led to an attempt to introduce a more rigorous calculus, based on concept of truth rather than on the more nebulous construct of "meaning". Both Donald Davidson and Alfred Tarski suggested that truth exists where sequences of objects satisfy parts of sentences. The meanings of sentences are their truth-conditions: the conditions under which they are true.

But, this reversion to a meaning (truth)-determined-by-context results in bizarre outcomes, bordering on tautologies: (1) every sentence has to be paired with another sentence (or even with itself!) which endows it with meaning and (2) every part of every sentence has to make a systematic semantic contribution to the sentences in which they occur.

Thus, to determine if a sentence is truthful (i.e., meaningful) one has to find another sentence that gives it meaning. Yet, how do we know that the sentence that gives it meaning is, in itself, truthful? This kind of ratiocination leads to infinite regression. And how to we measure the contribution of each part of the sentence to the sentence if we don't know the a-priori meaning of the sentence itself?! Finally, what is this "contribution" if not another name for .... meaning?!

Moreover, in generating a truth-theory based on the specific utterances of a particular speaker, one must assume that the speaker is telling the truth ("the principle of charity"). Thus, belief, language, and meaning appear to be the facets of a single phenomenon. One cannot have either of these three without the others. It, indeed, is all in the mind.

We are back to the minds of the interlocutors as the source of both context and meaning. The mind as a field of potential meanings gives rise to the various contexts in which sentences can and are proven true (i.e., meaningful). Again, meaning precedes context and, in turn, fosters it. Proponents of Epistemic or Attributor Contextualism link the propositions expressed even in knowledge sentences (X knows or doesn't know that Y) to the attributor's psychology (in this case, as the context that endows them with meaning and truth value).

III. The Meaning of Life: Mind or Environment?

On the one hand, to derive meaning in our lives, we frequently resort to social or cosmological contexts: to entities larger than ourselves and in which we can safely feel subsumed, such as God, the state, or our Earth. Religious people believe that God has a plan into which they fit and in which they are destined to play a role; nationalists believe in the permanence that nations and states afford their own transient projects and ideas (they equate permanence with worth, truth, and meaning); environmentalists implicitly regard survival as the fount of meaning that is explicitly dependent on the preservation of a diversified and functioning ecosystem (the context).

Robert Nozick posited that finite beings ("conditions") derive meaning from "larger" meaningful beings (conditions) and so ad infinitum. The buck stops with an infinite and all-encompassing being who is the source of all meaning (God).

On the other hand, Sidgwick and other philosophers pointed out that only conscious beings can appreciate life and its rewards and that, therefore, the mind (consciousness) is the ultimate fount of all values and meaning: minds make value judgments and then proceed to regard certain situations and achievements as desirable, valuable, and meaningful. Of course, this presupposes that happiness is somehow intimately connected with rendering one's life meaningful.

So, which is the ultimate contextual fount of meaning: the subject's mind or his/her (mainly social) environment?

This apparent dichotomy is false. As Richard Rorty and David Annis noted, one can't safely divorce epistemic processes, such as justification, from the social contexts in which they take place. As Sosa, Harman, and, later, John Pollock and Michael Williams remarked, social expectations determine not only the standards of what constitutes knowledge but also what is it that we know (the contents). The mind is a social construct as much as a neurological or psychological one.

To derive meaning from utterances, we need to have asymptotically perfect information about both the subject discussed and the knowledge attributor's psychology and social milieu. This is because the attributor's choice of language and ensuing justification are rooted in and responsive to both his psychology and his environment (including his personal history).

Thomas Nagel suggested that we perceive the world from a series of concentric expanding perspectives (which he divides into internal and external). The ultimate point of view is that of the Universe itself (as Sidgwick put it). Some people find it intimidating - others, exhilarating. Here, too, context, mediated by the mind, determines meaning.

Sam Vaknin ( http://samvak.tripod.com ) is the author of Malignant Self Love - Narcissism Revisited and After the Rain - How the West Lost the East. He served as a columnist for Central Europe Review, Global Politician, PopMatters, eBookWeb , and Bellaonline, and as a United Press International (UPI) Senior Business Correspondent. He was the editor of mental health and Central East Europe categories in The Open Directory and Suite101. Visit Sam's Web site at http://samvak.tripod.com

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New York Divorce Lawyer Summaries

2008-03-30T08:27:00.001-07:00

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by David Siegel

The above principals cannot be applied in a rigid or mechanical fashion but require the trial court to exercise discretion. In re Tatham. The standards applicable to determining jurisdiction cannot be applied in a mechanical fashion, but require the exercise of discretion by the trial court. In re Kehres.

Factors Considered

The child's home state, the location of necessary evidence of the child's well being, and the significant relationships of the child or parties to the competing states are considerations to be weighed in determining whether Illinois is an inconvenient forum. In re Rizza.

Inconvenience

-Not Shown Circuit court abused its discretion by declining to exercise jurisdiction on the basic of an inconvenient forum; no other state was or recently had been the home state of the children, no other state had a closer connection than Illinois to the children or their mother, and all evidence regarding the children's present circumstances was available in Illinois. Arulpragasam v. Eisele. Since petitioner agreed that Illinois was the proper forum as late as December of 1994, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in deciding not to decline jurisdiction. In re Tatham.

Interstate Communication by Judges

Intertstate communication by the trial judges is authorized by subsection (d). In re Horne.

Jurisdiction

-Conceding

In a proceeding in which the husband sought to punish the wife for violating the terms of the judgment for dissolution of their marriage by moving to Georgia with their child, the court properly conceded jurisdiction to Georgia where the mother alleged, and the husband offered to evidence to dispute, (1) that Georgia was the child's home state, (2) that all the evidence concerning the child's care, protection, training, and personal relationships was available in Georgia rather than in Illinois; and (3) that she had filed a motion in the Georgia court to enroll the Illinois judgment of dissolution of marriage. In re Blanchard. Trial court did not abuse its discretion in conceding jurisdiction to another state where other state was child's home, has a closer connection with the child and with respondent than did Illinois and there was substantial evidence there, as settlement agreement provided that post decree proceedings would be constructed under Illinois law not filed only in Illinois. In re Walker.

Before proceeding on your own, please consider the expertise of a divorce or family law attorney. You can seek references from bar associations or from other attorneys.

New York City divorce and family law firm handling divorce and family law cases throughout New York City and the surrounding areas. Results driven law firm with experience and skill to handle the most difficult cases. Divorce Lawyers New York

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Language In Taiwan

2008-03-29T06:59:00.001-07:00

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by Joshua Priyamvada

About 80% of the people in Taiwan belong to the Hoklo ethnic group and speak both Standard Mandarin and Taiwanese. Mandarin is the primary language of instruction in schools; however, most spoken media is split between Mandarin and Taiwanese. The Hakka about 15% of the population, have a distinct Hakka dialect. Aboriginal minority groups still speak their native languages, although most also speak Mandarin. English is a common second language, with many large private schools providing English instruction. English is also featured on several of Taiwan's education exams.

If you hold a Bachelors degree, are a native English speaker, and are looking for one of the most exciting job opportunities you will ever have,you may want to teach English in Taiwan. Getting certified takes only a couple of weeks, jobs are plentiful, and you can earn money, travel, teach (and learn), and add an attractive line to your resume all at once.

Teachers of English to Speakers of Other Language

Few places on earth offer job opportunities like teaching in Taiwan. With a TESOL certification and a college degree in any field, you are virtually guaranteed a job teaching English in Taiwan. The demand for English teachers in Taiwan far exceeds the number of qualified teachers. Don't let this opportunity to work, teach and live in this fascinating country get away from you.

Teach English and Travel Worldwide

If Taiwan is not your first choice of country consider the other possibilities. Virtually every country in the world is looking for English
teachers, from Latin America to South America to Asia to Europe. English is the most widely spoken cultural language on the planet today, and as the global economy gets tighter and tighter, English becomes more and more
important.

Accredited TESOL & ESL Certification and Job Placement

Whichever country you decide is right for you, teaching English abroad is an unforgettable experience. Most teachers say they learn as much as they teach during their tenure. It is also a great way to foster cross-cultural relationships between countries and peoples, so don't delay. Call American TESOL Institute at (877) 748-7900 for more information .

English in Taiwan has made every effort to provide ESL teachers with a comprehensive English language guide to Taiwan.

Find Taiwan language and more useful information about education program at this Taiwan store.

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Five Back-to-School Shopping Tips To Save Money!

2008-03-28T03:01:00.001-07:00

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by Edward M. Brancheau

5 Back-to-School Shopping Tips

Time to start buying school supplies - and don't forget the clothing, bags and decisions and arguments about brand name or no name products.

If you are a parent buying for your grade school children you've been learning the ropes for a few years. However, if your child is new to school or you're doing your own school shopping for the first time, you can benefit from a heads up on how, what and where to shop.

These five tips will help you save money AND your sanity!

DON'T DELAY

Shop early to avoid disappointment and get the best deals. Last minute shoppers will find their favorite stores are out of stock.

There will be plenty of supplies on sale by August. Don't forget dollar stores for low prices on pens, paper and a myriad of other necessary items.

Got off to a late start? Then check out office supply or stationary stores, where they're likely to stay well-stocked on all the essentials. These kinds of stores can save you a lot of time and effort since they're bound to have what you need.

BUY AT BIG BOX STORES

If you have friends who are shopping for their kids you could try looking at membership stores or other bulk outlets as this will help save money.

You may not be able to get everything you need but essentials like paper, pens and the like can be loaded up and split among everyone saving you money.

TAKE ADVANTAGE OF SCHOOL PROGRAMS

Parents or classmates may be able to arrange for their school to purchase discounted supplies in bulk, sharing the reduced costs with everyone.

Not only will this mean great savings - it also saves you all the hassle of finding supplies, shopping around or dealing with complaints about brands or colors.

SEASON'S END SAVINGS

Stock up now on summer clothes and sportswear. End-of-season sales are a great way to find deals on clothes, especially for children participating in after school sports.

Make sure that the clothes you but now can be used in the winter. Choose skirts that can be worn with woollen tights and tank tops that can be worn under shirts. Cropped trousers can also be tucked into high winter boots. Forward thinking can provide your kids with a trendy winter wardrobe.

Be wary of school dress codes when buying clothes. Rules such as skirt length and showing bare shoulders may be in force.

THE PERFECT BACKPACK

Don't forget the bag! Kids bags are often far too large and heavy for them which leads to sore muscles and even headaches. Always choose a backpack that sits no lower than the waist and look for styles with padded shoulder straps and a waist strap for added support.

Carrying a backpack or heavy purse or bag on one shoulder can cause injury. Heavy books should be carried in a backpack which is worn on both shoulders. However, if you prefer a bag or sac, it should be the kind which has a body strap since they do a better job of spreading the weight.

Have fun with back-to-school shopping and don't get to stressed. Look forward to the excitement and possibilities ahead of you in the new school year.

Donna Brancheau has been teaching & tutoring in San Diego for over 30 years. For awesome tutoring advice, visit her tutoring web site, Horizon Bound. Also, you can get unique copies of this article or other wonderful education articles to use on your web site!

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Are You Frustrated With Home Schooling Costs? Try This Tip Now

2008-03-27T04:59:00.001-07:00

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by Eddy Simmons

As more and more parents are embarking on this journey to homeschool their kids, there is one thing that has been at the back of their mind. It is how to afford expensive home schooling materials. This is in fact the biggest reason why many have the idea of having used home schooling books for education. This is the tip I am about to share with you on this article. Getting used books is another way to accommodate your kids' education budget within a limit.

It is a good strategy to purchase used school textbooks, as you try to meet the demands of the necessary home schooling supplies. For subjects such as Maths, Science and History, it is beneficial as these subjects rarely have new additions.

How to find used home schooling books?

Stores selling used books are the best places to find used home schooling books at low prices. Searching online can also give many results. Do not forget to see whether the source has given the condition of used home schooling books that it offers.

Some of the local used bookstores have both brand new books and books that have slight signs of wear and tear at cheap prices. You could even sell your old home schooling textbooks if they are in fair condition at these stores. This way, you can save a lot on your home schooling expenses.

What are the online sources for buying and selling used textbooks?

Abebooks.com is one of the best online bookstores available besides Amazon.com. They give up to 50% discounts for students in many titles. Their shipping within USA charges a low price of $3 to $3.50 and they also provide money-back guarantee within 30 days of the sale if the customer is not happy with the item.

As for payment instructions, most of them accept Visa, MasterCard, American Express, personal checks, bank drafts, wire transfer and even Paypal.com. This is to give convenient to the customers. Another online resource that offers rare and collectible used books for children and adults is barbsbooks.com. You can go there and take a look.

Besides Barbsbooks.com are able to ship to most states with the US, they even run an emailing queries service. Special arrangements are available for overseas deliveries. They have a 30 day money back guarantee upon the data of sale.

How to find used home schooling materials using online forums?

Another way of getting valuable data about how to buy and sell used home schooling materials is to join online forums on this topic. One such resource called, Homeschooling.about.com is a informative resource for all educators not restricting to parents or guardians having homeschooling programs at home.

Members of most online forums will state the features and the prices of the used books for sale or simply to mention what type of books they are looking for and the price they are willing to buy. They can bargain over prices and shipping details via emails.

You can sign up for free at any online forum. Not only you can discuss about any subject of home schooling, you can also share resources too.

About the author: Eddy is the writer of this blog called, nursery school softwares. This guide will be able to assist more parents find good homeschooling techniques information here.

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Tips For An Eco-Friendly Move

2008-03-26T03:31:00.001-07:00

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by ecoactiontrish

Moving in and out of a home or apartment is never fun. The idea of lugging tons of boxes, spending hours cleaning your old abode and driving miles away with a jam-packed car is more than enough to make the average person cringe.

Not only is it not fun to move, but it's also very harmful to the environment. You accumulate excess waste from throwing out old possessions and packing boxes, and you release carbon dioxide into the air making several trips in your car.

If you practice living green there are several steps that you can take to make your moving experience less stressful and more eco-friendly.

Give to a Good Cause

Nowadays, everyone's a packrat, and we acquire more stuff in a few months than most people do in a lifetime. So when it's time to move it takes triple the effort just to get everything packed!

Here are some green ways to lighten the load:

Donate

You can donate any items that you don't use to a thrift store such as Goodwill Industries or the Salvation Army, who will sell your items to raise money for good causes. Or you can use sites like FreeCycle and SwapTree to give away or exchange your goods.

All of these things will reduce your carbon footprint because many of these places pick up your items from your front door.

Sell

You can sell your stuff online through such sites as eBay and Craigslist. By doing this you not only get some extra money, but you also get to reduce paper waste because everything is done online.

You can also have a yard sale (if you live in a house), which also saves you from spending gas money and driving to a new location.

Recycle

Don't forget that many items you may want to throw away, including old notebooks, metal tins and computers, can be recycled.

Post-Consumer Packing

Cardboard boxes are the standard way to pack up your items. Even though they are recyclable, an even better way to reduce your paper waste is to use an eco-friendly recycled container.

The people at Earth Friendly Moving created the RecoPack, which is a series of stackable moving containers made from plastic containers that were salvaged from U.S. landfills. You can rent them for $1 a week, and the Earth Friendly team will drop them off and pick them up for you!

Get a Helping Hand

If you need help moving you can always hire a moving company. I don't mean the kind of company that releases tons of greenhouse gases in the air with their huge tractor-trailer trucks, but an eco-friendly moving company.

A company like Go Green Moving uses biofuel to power its trucks and earth-friendly moving pads made from recycled cotton.

A Green Clean is a Great Clean

Once everything is packed up and shipped out, you still have one more thing to do: you get to clean up the messy spills and dirty corners. The best way to do this is to use eco-friendly cleaning products that are made of all-natural and organic ingredients.

These are safe to use because they don't release any toxic fumes and won't irritate your skin. Some great places to get these products are Heather's Natural & Organic Cleaning Products and Simple Green.

Moving may not be a fun experience, but it can be a green experience that will help you reduce your carbon footprint and save the environment's natural resources. It just takes a little time and effort!

Trish Smith is a copywriter for Green Student U, Student Finance Domain and Study Abroad Domain, websites that are devoted to providing college students with helpful environmental, financial and study abroad advice.

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Name Squeeze Pages What Are They and Why Do You Need Them?

2008-03-25T03:34:00.001-07:00

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by Tarsem

There are many terms that are used in the Internet marketing world. Some are confusing, and some are simple. Some are simple but made to sound confusing. Name squeeze page how to information is a relatively new term, but it's a technique that has been around for quite some time. Name squeeze page how to information is one of the first steps used by successful marketers for lead generation. Without leads, sales cannot be made but getting good leads these days can be hard work unless you know how to use a name squeeze page.

You've surely heard of opt-in lists. If you haven't, an opt-in list is an email list of people who have agreed to receive information from you in their email inboxes. If you send them commercial email messages without that permission, you are spamming them and that is against the law now. However, if you have their permission, you are not spamming them. They have the option of unsubscribing from your list anytime that they want to, and you must honor any remove requests that you receive.

An opt-in list is gold to an Internet marketer, and this is the end result of name squeeze pages. A name squeeze page is a webpage on your website that is intended to get the name and email address of visitors to the page. Now, there are many scripts that you can use to collect information about your visitors without them knowing about it, but this is not ethical, and in most cases, it violates the spam laws and privacy laws that are in effect.

To make an effective name squeeze page, you want to provide information that interests your readers and makes them want to be directed to more information, or to receive information via email. The visitor will be required to provide their name and email address for this information. This also works well when you have a freebie to give away, such as an eBook or free report. You can require the visitor to enter their email and name, and agree to receive information from you in the future in order to get the free download.

These names and email addresses that your name squeeze page collects can be added to your mailing list. You are now free to email them your newsletters and offers. But you should mail responsibly. Email good information or product reviews to your list, as opposed to spam my type advertisements. If you are mailing what appears to be spam to your list, you will lose a lot of subscribers in a very short time and all of your efforts will be wasted.

Creating a name squeeze page is not hard. You just need some copy on the page that will make the visitor want to sign up. Of course the page needs to have a sign up form, and the HTML code for such a form can be obtained from your autoresponder service. Using an autoresponder service that requires double opt-in subscribing is highly recommended. The confirmation page that the person sees after confirming the subscription through email should redirect the visitor to the information that they are seeking, or to the free download that you are offering.

Name squeeze pages how to information is popping up all over the Internet. This is happening because this technique works. Internet marketers are using name squeeze pages on a regular basis to build massive opt-in lists. If lead generation is important to your business, you need to get your name squeeze pages up and working for you as soon as possible.

For More Free Resources visit www.greateducationonline.com

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Context, Background, Meaning

2008-03-24T02:47:00.001-07:00

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Finding Oklahoma Court Records Online

2008-03-23T11:11:00.001-07:00

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by Andrew Bicknell

Trying to find Oklahoma court records is easier then it used to be. Before internet records sites came along finding out if someone had a criminal record would require trips to different court houses where you would have to fill out different forms to request this data. Criminal background checks were the domain of private investigators who could charge a premium price to do the work for you.

Now with the power of the internet this is no longer true. You can find all the same data without ever leaving your home. Websites that specialize in background data checks will give you instant access to online court records databases not only in the state of Oklahoma but also nationwide.

With the information provided you can do a comprehensive background check on who ever you wish. Prospective employees, someone who's going to be working in your home, a fledgling love interest, or anyone else, you can look into their background and see if they have a past conviction that could be a cause for concern.

The records you will have access to are considered to be in the public domain. That means that anyone has a right to look at them without the worry of violating someone's privacy. Any search query you do is also completely anonymous so you don't have to worry about anyone finding out about it. That is unless you want them to know what you have found out about them.

These state criminal records websites will allow you instantaneous access to their database, allowing you to do court records searches quickly and easily. All you need to start your inquiry is the persons name and the state they live in. You simply enter their personal data into the proper look up boxes and hit the "Search" button. In a matter of seconds you will have all the available court and public records appear across your screen.

In addition to Oklahoma courts records you will also have access to state civil and legal judgments, bankruptcy records at both the state and national levels, federal and state criminal history and arrest records, state tax liens, arrest warrants, and state property records. Having access to this kind of information about people's backgrounds can make personal decisions about the people who are in contact with you and your family on a daily basis much easier.

To learn more about state background check websites and to start your Oklahoma Court Records Search Click Here.

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6 Vital Question To Ask Yourself When Considering Homeschooling

2008-03-21T05:36:00.001-07:00

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by Donald Saunders

Despite the fact that Homeschooling is now legal in every state, the choice to homeschool your children should not be made lightly. In-depth research and discussion will be necessary if you are to make a wise decision. So, how do you determine whether or not homeschooling is going to be right for your children?

Here are some questions to ask yourself if you are thinking about homeschooling as an option for your children.

1. Would I be happy spending almost all of my day with my children?

An important reason for choosing homeschooling is often that parents simply love their children and want what is thought to be best for them. They also genuinely do enjoy spending time in the company of their children, which is just as well since you will certainly be spending almost all of your time with them. If your children irritate you easily then homeschooling might not be a sensible choice.

2. Will IAm I going to find constant questioning a problem?

Homeschoolers are normally asked a constant stream of questions about things like what curriculum they are using and about the affect which homeschooling has on their childrens' development of good social skills. If you opt to homeschool your children then it will help if you do not mind answering the same questions over and over again.

3. Where can I go to find out all about homeschooling?

Check out books from your public library where there is most probably a very good selection of books which will furnish everything you will need to know. Your librarian might even be able to tell you whether there are any homeschoolers in the area, as virtually all homeschoolers rely heavily upon the library for teaching materials.

4. Will there be a support system available?

Getting details of a support network of other homeschoolers is extremely important and is often be achieved by getting onto the internet and searching for 'homeschool groups in (your state)' or 'homeschooling groups in (your city)'. There are homeschooling co-ops available in a lot of places together with plenty opportunities for families to simply get together and have some fun.

5. What if I have other questions?

Having located several families which are already homeschooling you ought to ask them about the pros and cons of homeschooling. Almost all people will be frank about their reasons for deciding upon homeschooling and will be quite happy to tell you about their experience and assist you in making an informed decision. Ask them what sorts of difficulties they came across when starting out and about things like how you should go about choosing a curriculum and whether you should be concerned about socialization for your children.

6. Which curriculum should I follow?

The choices of curriculum available are wide in terms of both the variety available and often in terms of the price which you will have to pay. Though you can create a 'home school' by picking books which are very similar to those used in the public schools, it is also possible to create a homeschool without following a fixed curriculum. The library books you checked out earlier should have explained the different methods and should have given you a good idea of precisely what your children should learn in each grade.

If you are looking at homeschooling your children then finding the answers to the 6 questions suggested here should assist you to make an informed decision. Although not everyone will choose to homeschool after examining this option, if you wish to have a greater involvement in the education of your children then homeschooling may just be right for you.

Parenting4dummies com provides information on everything from homeschooling requirements to homeschooling versus regular schools

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Proposed Guidelines for Science Teachers

2008-03-20T03:44:00.001-07:00

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by Editor123

Science and technology education are co-related with each other and cannot be separated to gain the real meaning and essence of science education. From last many years, science education has seen numerous changes and transformations to pass on the true value of scientific theories and strategies.

It is very true that the science is nothing without the study of technology. In other words, it is not wrong to say that the combination is just like soul without the body. Interestingly, major accomplishments in science are always accompanied by right usage and applications of technology. As a result, for getting a complete science education, a person needs to be committed towards gaining the right knowledge, content and processes of the subject.

Generally, science education involves teaching of the scientific body of knowledge, the processes and activities of scientific work. Therefore, for imparting the right knowledge and educations, science teachers must be clear about the concept. Also, they need to be influenced by several teaching techniques including the learning capabilities of students while interacting with physical materials.

An expert science tutor is the one who keeps a close eye on the digital development and the growing scientific nuances. He or she should have a formal education, training and qualification in formal science teaching and its techniques. These experts should have analytical ability and possess evaluation powers on developing information technology in the science curriculum.

Find a Science Tutor:
In this growing competitive world, science education has become really necessary. The subject has emerged as the backbone of the overall growth of a person and in order to earn a leading edge. Finding a good science tutor is not difficult at all. You can browse through the internet and find many tutors of different subjects. Try to know your child's difficulty and problems while finding the most appropriate help for him or her.

The aforementioned article has been contributed by the webmaster of orbitutors.com. Find a Virginia tutor for all subjects including computer tutor, science tutor and more in your local area.

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You Want to Become an Elementary School Teacher? How Do You Know?

2008-03-19T05:35:00.001-07:00

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by Sandra Wilson

If you are someone who is seriously considering a career as an elementary school teacher then it is important to remember that you will be helping children you teach to develop and grow. Therefore it is important that before you start looking at the courses available you ask your self one very important question. "How do you know if you want to become an elementary school teacher?"

In this article we will therefore provide you with some guidelines which will hopefully help you to know whether a career teaching elementary school children is right for you. Remember it is you that you will be playing a major role in the children's lives that you teach and will help them to develop both academically and socially. It is through your initial lessons with them that children will then learn how to achieve their goals in the future.

In teaching elementary school students as an elementary education teacher, you will most likely be teaching more than one subject. As such, you will want to ensure you have a well-rounded education yourself. If you find or believe yourself weak in one or more areas, it would be best to continue your own education to improve these weaknesses.

Another essential ingredient if you are considering becoming an elementary school teacher is that you are well organized in your own life. A person who is disorganized will find it that much more difficult to actually teach a group of young children because they will find themselves easily wandering away from the curriculum that has been set.

Our next point in considering the question raised in the first paragraph is to decide if you actually like young children enough to want to be with them all day. What do you like and dislike about them? Creating a list of your own likes and dislikes where young children are concerned can guide you in answering the big question. If you find more dislikes than likes, but teaching is still something you want to do, perhaps it would be best to consider a different age group.

Perhaps you decided you like young children well enough. The next point is whether or not you communicate well with them. Your job will be to teach the children lessons so they grow and develop. So how well do you get your messages across to elementary school age children now? Don't only look at how you think you communicate with kids now but also look at how they respond to your manner of communication. Are they getting the message?

An ideal way of finding out whether you will actually be suited to becoming a teacher is to speak to other teachers. Also if you can, spend some time in the classroom with these teachers and watch the way they interact with their students and the way in which they carry out their lessons. This will then provide you with a better understanding as to whether you have the necessary skills that are required to carry out this profession.

Lastly, look at yourself and the way other people think of you. Are you someone who can be responsible as a key player in a child's development in life? Can you teach them so they grow into functional members of society? So, how do you know if you want to become an elementary school teacher? You look at and apply all the points and guidelines above.

Find more information on how do you know if you want to become an elementary school teacher and other articles on elementary education please visit our website

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A Foreign Language Study may be one of your best investments

2008-03-18T07:28:00.001-07:00

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by RickDS

Yes it would be great to be able to speak the native tongue when you go on holiday!
Yes is would be a great benefit to you when your Company needs to negotiate a potential new Contract with a foreign Company and because you can speak the language you get chosen to represent your Company thus receiving all the "perks"!

Generally most people probable at least once in their lives have some desire to learn a foreign language if only the fundamentals. The majority of us though seem to give up making some excuse Just not enough time or its not being taught in the right way or the course in too advanced for me, or the course that I want is at the wrong time

I am sure there are many many other excuses to stop you even getting started even though you desperately want the motivation to achieve the goal of being proficient in at least one foreign language.

Maybe people have a certain satisfaction that at least they have tried to learn but through a set of circumstances, never there own fault, they have given up maybe only temporary at least. Seems to satisfy the guilty conscience.!!

So what incentives do you need to spend hours of you limited and precious free time coupled with the no doubtable moments of embarrassment in trying to communicate in your new "voice"

Here are more details of some of the main incentives as to why you should make time to learn a foreign language:

The first incentive is that it will quite simply increase your social network

Both during the studying and then when you have mastered the language, will provide a new line of communication, areas of common ground and interests with other like minded people, enabling you to discuss and help each other regarding the learning process and then be able to communicate with many more people once you have mastered the language.
Your social network of new contacts will have increased dramatically enabling you to communicate to a completely new and wider section of the population.

The next incentive has got to be that of giving you a sense of accomplishment and achievement.

You must keep reminding yourself during your study what it must feel like once you have mastered the foreign language. Your mindset must be aware of the fact that the more difficult the study becomes that more satisfaction you will have once you have completed the course or study. The sense of achieving you aim will give you extra self-confidence and immense satisfaction and well-being.

To be able be speak to somebody in their native language especially for the first time has got to be potentially one of the most stimulating experiences of your life. Just remind yourself of the demands you have put on yourself both mentally and emotionally.

Another major incentive is providing you with greater opportunities for making more money.

Even with the world seemingly getting smaller due to modern day global communications, people still do not speak one language. Being able to speak another language or even better being multilingual will create a world of opportunities both home and abroad.

All types of businesses ranging from banks, technology companies, consulting firms, international trading firms, to educational institutions around the world are always on the look out for and prepared to pay very high salaries to people who are multilingual.

A further incentive is the knowledge that you will have expanded your awareness

It is a well known phenomenon when communicating in a foreign language your awareness somehow changes. As you become more proficient in the language you are studying, your awareness from within that culture will grow. You will be able to see the world in a different light.

Throughout your studying, you will become more familiar with the culture, history and sociology of the regions or countries of the language you are studying.

With the ever increasing environmental issues, international trade and regional conflicts, becoming more globally aware may be an essential part of survival in the 21st century.

The reasons for learning a foreign language or becoming multilingual are numerous be it expanding your awareness, giving you a sense of achievement or increasing your value in the marketplace, together with expanding your social network.

Therefore learning a foreign language may be one of the best investments you can make.

David Rickinson is involved with a variety of Internet businesses including JV Internet marketing. He has recently become a Spoken Network partner after realizing its potential. http://www.nichecontentguide.com/foreignlanguage http://www.spokenselect.com http://www.bizoppsguide.com

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The Inner Earth

2008-03-17T03:38:00.001-07:00

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by Claudia Mann

The earth's interior has been sorted by Gravity. Generally heavier elements tend to sink toward the center. Lighter materials have risen to become pat of the crust. This action has created distinct layers and is still in process today.
The Inner Earth is composed of three main parts:

The Crust - silicate rocks, primarily granite and basalt
- Oceanic Crust - mostly basalt
- Continental Crust - igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks
The Mantle - iron and magnesium rich silicate rocks
- Upper Mantle
- Lower mantle
The Core - iron nickel alloy
- Outer core
- Inner core

The Crust

The crust of the earth is very slowly growing thicker. Volcanic activity is continually adding mass to the crust. Though the crust is solid it is made up of about 12 plates. They are called Tectonic Plates. These plates are in constant motion. The movement is caused by currents in the mantle. The movement is very slow, averaging about 2 inches a year. This is about like the growth of your fingernails.

The crust is about 0.5 % of the earth's total mass.
The crust is made up of silicate rocks such as granite and basalt.
- Oceanic crust - The crust under the oceans is about 10 km thick and is generally made up of rock rich in iron and magnesium. These are primarily basalt formed by volcanic action at the mid ocean ridges. The oceanic crust is denser than continental crust.
- Continental crust (continental cratons) - Where there are continents the crust is about 30 to 50 km thick. It is made up of igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks.
Earths Interior - The Mantle

Much less is known about the mantle than the crust. The crust we can see, measure, dig and drill. We can tell some things about the mantle by studying volcanoes and what comes out of them. Much of what we believe is true about the earths interior comes from studying Seismology. Seismology began as the study of earthquakes and the seismic waves they produced. These waves travel through the earth and move at different speeds in different materials.

The upper mantle
- Is made up of rocks rich in magnesium and iron, and poor in silica; mostly peridotites.
- It is about 400 km thick and is much denser than the crust.
- It comprise 10% of the earth's mass
The Lower mantle
- It is more dense and contains a greater amount of iron than the upper mantle
- It is about 1900 km thick
- It makes up 41% of the earth's mass
Earths Interior - The core

The core is composed primarily of a nickel-iron alloy. There is an outer core that is liquid and an inner core that is solid.
- Outer core
  - 2100 km thick.
  - About 30 % of the Earth's total mass.
- Inner core
  - 1300 km thick.
  - About 2 % of the Earth's total mass.
In studying the earth's interior:
- There are distinct layers to the earth's interior.
- much more is known about the crust than the mantle and core.
- What we believe is true about the mantle and core comes from studying seismology.
Learn more about the earth and its rocks and minerals at http://www.rocksandminerals4u.com. Purchase fossils, rocks, and minerals at http://www.fossilicious.com.

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Understanding the Importance of Social Security Disability Attorneys

2008-03-16T04:40:00.001-07:00

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by Melvin Magadia

For people with disability, one of the most disappointing experiences has to be their benefits claims. Most people who apply for Social Security claims become frustrated after knowing that they would not be able to get any of their benefits.

If you have been in this kind of situation, then you need the help of social security disability attorneys in pursuing your claims.

Filing for an appeal can be a long and tedious process especially for a disabled individual. It can give them a feeling of inadequacy after getting their application for benefits denied. Social security representatives can assist you in having your claim approved.

Becoming disabled is something that we do not expect to happen. The bad news is when you become seriously ill; it is likely that your livelihood will likewise be put in jeopardy. Claiming for social security benefits can give you some kind of fallback so that you will be able to cope with your loss of income.

Why Should You Hire an Attorney?

When filing for SSD benefits, you would be better off hiring lawyers to stand up for your interest in a case. Statistically, you are increasing your chances of winning a claim if you will get a representative.

The disability law is a complicated matter that an ordinary person like you will find hard to understand. Attorneys can help you simplify these laws so that you can better understand your rights. Aside from that, disability lawyers can do some other things on your behalf.

What are the Roles of SSD Attorneys?

When it comes to claims, no cases are similar to one another. What others claim may not be exactly be similar to your situation. The role of lawyers is to collect the facts and information about your claim.

Likewise, SSD attorneys can do the following things for you:

Collect evidences such as medical records regarding your current medical and health status

Assess your claims in compliance with SSA regulations

Consult with your physician regarding the importance of a medical statement that concurs with SSA regulations

Obtain your SSA files, particularly those that are related with your disability benefits.

Make a request for re-application for SSD benefits

Give professional advice regarding the best option for preparing your statement for your disability claim

Make sure that you are given protection to fair hearing. Offer objections on illegal procedures and evidences.

Ensure that you receive the right benefits once your claim is approved

Seek for a review of the court decision by the Appeal Council after a denial.

If possible, defend the appeal to review your claim in Federal Court

Avoid looking for lawyers who claim to have knowledge of the SSD program. It would be better if you conduct an investigation about their track record and expertise. Likewise, it is recommended that you make sure that they are knowledgeable about SSA regulations.

Searching for knowledgeable and competent Social Security Disability attorneys to handle your claim can help you get the benefits you truly deserve.

For a professional advice and representation regarding your Social Security Disability claims, log on to our website and let our competent Los Angeles attorneys handle your case.

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Learning French Online

2008-03-15T04:43:00.001-07:00

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by Roberto Bell

Learning French is not easy, so don't believe when someone tells you it's as simple as learning one, two, and three. However, there are several methods that can help you understand and learn French in the most effective way.

One of the most wonderful contributions of the Internet is online tutorials. Now, you can study French and master it with less effort through online French lessons. There are countless online French courses in the Internet but it's important that you know which program corresponds to your needs. It won't be as useful and effective to you as it can be to others if it doesn't suit you.

One way of learning French language is by studying the online course lesson via the Internet. However, there are also online programs that allow you to download the whole course so you can copy it on CD and listen to it anywhere you go. Aside from that, interactive programs are also available online in which you can assess your knowledge as you advance your French lesson.

In addition, you can make use of online French courses in increasing your vocabulary, pronunciation and grammar. You can find such programs online that bring about creative and useful lessons that are designed for people who are having difficulty in learning French.

There are lots of websites that offers French vocabulary games and mind-benders that can help you enjoy while learning. Also, there are several online exercises such as critical analysis, web research etc. that could help you progress in a much enjoyable way.

On the other hand, in selecting online French courses, choose the one that offers money back guarantee so that you can demand for a refund if the product is a big flop. If you could find offers like a free trial on French programs, then it's better. Other websites offer some free lessons hoping that you will like their programs. So take advantage of it and decide which program could help you most with your goal.

However, it is important to remember that you should take a mental break when you get tired to save the stored information in your overloaded brain. Whatever the medium you use in this pursuit, it is best that you know there is no such thing as instant learning. Therefore, if you are determined to learn French, you have to dedicate enough patience, willingness and time.

Yannick is a French teacher living in Paris, owner of ParisByPod, offering French lessons and daily podcast, live from Paris !

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Breckenridge Ski Resort - Mountain Area Information

2008-03-14T07:45:00.000-07:00

by Brandon Quinn

The ultimate day of skiing and snowboarding at Breckenridge Resort starts off with the purchase of your lift ticket. Grab a ticket at the counter upon arrival, or book your ticket in advance online.

Once you're all sorted with your ski pass, it's time to click into those bindings and tear up the infamous ski terrain at the Breckenridge Resort

For the Ultimate Day, we'll assume that you are an intermediate to advanced skier looking to challenge yourself and willing to raise your pulse to chest thumping levels.

Brandon Quinn, a local resident, has compiled the ultimate powder day rendezvous for skiing and / or snowboarding this famous Colorado ski resort.

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It all starts off with a quick donut at Daylight Donuts to get the energy going for the full day ahead. Grab your skis and hop on the Quicksilver Lift. The Quicksilver lift bypasses some of Breckenridge's beginner terrain. Since we are well beyond the french fry / pie method of skiing, we'll just watch the first day skiers tumble down the hill while we're on route to the powder stashes on Peak 10. When you unload from the Quicksilver, head down the Falcon Chair and get ready for some of Breckenridge's best glade skiing. The Falcon will take you to the top of "The Burn" which is short but steep and generally holds nice stashes of powder. Make a couple laps on the Burn and then duck over to the south side of Peak Ten for some powder bumps on "The Mustang". There's some fun little natural kickers that all provide soft landings. Just make sure you have enough speed for getting back to the lift because the run out can be flat especially if there's deep snow.

Now we're ready to traverse cross mountain to E-Chair. Make lap after lap of fresh powder as you keep an eye on Peak 8 and the highest chairlift in North America, the infamous "Imperial Superchair". If you time it right, you can milk the terrain of E-Chair and as soon as the Imperial lift opens charge up to the top of Peak 8. Peak 8 provides inspirational views of the Upper Blue Valley and at 12,998 feet above sea level, this is the highest lift served terrain in North America. For a little "scare factor" make sure you chuck yourself off the Lake Chutes for some of Summit Counties steepest terrain. This also accesses Breckenridge's newest terrain -- Snow White. The possibilities are endless once your up at Peak 8. You can drop into Whale's Tail for some wind harvested powder, or carve deep powder turns after hiking Peak 7.

We hope you've enjoyed reading about the perfect day at the Breckenridge Ski Resort. Come and "ski" for yourself.

To book discount lift tickets for Breckenridge contact the Colorado Travel Company at 970.372.4628 or book your Breckenridge lodging online. Also, you can read about the Breckenridge Ski Resort.

Ganesha provides Weather Forecast for January 2008

2008-03-13T03:26:00.000-07:00

by free horoscope

Ganesha has set an astrological chart for the beginning of each season at the corresponding solstice or equinox, which afforded them more than just a broad-spectrum look at the season in question. From the planetary positions and aspects contained in the chart, Ganesha extracted a more detailed look at the quality of that particular spring, summer, fall, or winter.

These seasonal charts are set for the moment the Sun enters each of the cardinal signs of the zodiac. The Suns entrance into Aries marks the beginning of spring. Similarly, the Suns entrance into Cancer, Libra, and Capricorn denotes the beginning of summer, fall, and winter respectively. These Cardinal Solar Ingress charts are valid for the entire season they represent.

This winter, mainstream weather forecasters will not notice the angular positions of the Sun, Mercury, Mars, Jupiter, and Pluto. All of these planets will leave their mark on the winter season. This is because planets that fall on the angles i.e. the Ascendant, Descendant, Midheaven, and IC of these Cardinal Solar Ingress charts, have been observed to impress their individual and combined influences on the weather.

Following are some long-range forecasts for January 2008 based on the Solar Ingress Chart.

Forecast

January 3-5, 2008

Generally increases temperatures and moisture. Expect a southerly air flow to bring precipitation to the West Coast States of Bombay, Goa, etc.

Forecast

January 5-7, 2008

The West Coast continues to remain unsettled as a stormy pattern persists over the area.

Forecast

January 5-7, 2008

The Western Ghats are under the influence of the Sun's sextile. Cold, dry air pushes southward over the Western Ghats. If enough moisture is in place, storms may be triggered.

Forecast

January 6-8, 2008

Mercury and Uranus are considered cold planets in astrometeorology. The Sun's sextile to Uranus and its parallel to Mercury are the main influences at work over the Northeast India. These planetary aspects with the Sun argue a strong cold front with perhaps windy conditions over the region.

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Forecast

January 11-14, 2008

Cold, dry air from the north will clash with a warm, moist air mass over the Western Ghats generating a good storm system over the area.

Forecast

January 18-20, 2008

The Venus-Mars opposition on the 19th will affect the central Plains states and Forests. Along with the combined effect of Mercury's parallel to Pluto, this should result in storms there.

Forecast

January 20-22, 2007

Jupiter's trine to Saturn brings a lower range of temperatures and fair conditions. These conditions should be observed from the East Central States ( Bhagini Rajya ) through the Mid-Regions and Northeast as well as on the West Coast.

Forecast

January 23-27, 2008

The eastern mouths of rivers are the focal points for severe weather during this five-day stretch. As is the case in most severe weather scenarios, warm and cold air masses collide resulting in storms. The 26th and 27th seem to be the most intense days.

Forecast

January 29-Feb 2, 2008

Mars is equated with warmth and dryness. Great Plains where we should see an increase in temperatures and dry conditions.

While weather patterns seem, at times, to move disjointedly across the earths surface, there is an underlying order that God has established. This orderliness is made apparent when weather patterns are compared to planetary aspects, and Ingress and lunation charts. This may account for their present-day lack of any long-range forecast capability. The premise that planetary influence specifically aids in the creation of our weather is dismissed as utter foolishness by modern science. It could be worth their while to investigate it though, as it would not be the first time that the foolishness of God proves to be wiser than men!

Ganesha's Grace,

Malav Bhatt

The Ganeshaspeaks Team

GaneshaSpeaks.com offers free and personalized astrology and horoscope for career, money, business, love, romance and property.

Philosophy - Morality Explained

2008-03-12T03:31:00.001-07:00

by Scott Hughes

People often make moral claims. They will call an action moral by calling it morally "good" or "right" or by otherwise claiming it has some special value that means one "should" do it. They can claim the inverse by calling the action immoral, bad, wrong, or so forth.

But what does it mean to call an action morally good or morally bad? Different people use those terms to mean very different things. Let's look at some of the most common meanings.

Personal Disgust or Appreciation – Often when people call an action immoral, they simply mean they feel disgusted by the action in some way. When these people call an action morally good, they simply mean that they appreciate or admire it in some way. For example, if a woman says that torturing animals is immoral, she may simply mean that the idea of it disgusts her very much. If she refers to helping the homeless as morally good, she may simply mean that she admires people who help the homeless.

Recommendation – People also sometimes use moral terms to express a recommendation. When they call an action morally good, they simply mean to say that they recommend others do it. When they call an action immoral, they simply mean that they recommend others do not do it. For example, when a mother tells her son that doing drugs is immoral, she may simply mean that she recommends he does not do drugs because she believes it will cause him more grief than pleasure. When she says he "should" brush his teeth, she may just mean that she recommends he brush his teeth because she believes he will regret it if he doesn't.

Social Values – Sometimes people use moral terms to express common social values. For example, if a person calls it immoral to wear yellow clothes, the person may simply mean that most people in a certain society frown upon those who wear yellow clothes. This can also include extreme social values enforced by violence—namely laws. For example, when people refer to murder as immoral, they may mean that the people in society want it stopped so much that they will throw murderers in jail.

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Social Utility – Sometimes people use moral terms to describe how much a certain action will hurt or help the other people in the society. When people call an action immoral, they may simply mean that the action hurts more people than it helps. When they call an action morally good, they mean that it helps more people than it hurts. A more helpful action will be referred to as morally better, and a more harmful action will be referred to as worse.

Religious, Metaphysical, and/or Supernatural – Of course, sometimes when people use moral terms they mean to claim that the actions have some sort of metaphysical or supernatural value—a belief that these people generally base on their religious views or other superstitions. When these people say an action is immoral, they mean the action is considered sinful or bad by their god(s) or by some other metaphysical set of judgmental values.

As you can see, people use moral terms very differently. Even the same person may use different meanings for moral terms at different times.

For the sake of clarity, I personally choose to avoid using moral terms as much as possible. Instead, I explain specifically what I mean using descriptive, amoral terms rather than generic moral terms. In your own speech, I recommend you consider replacing moral terms with more specific and clear terminology. Rather than just calling an action immoral, you can explain specifically what you mean to say about the action.

Whatever you do, good luck and have fun!

Scott Hughes has a helpful philosophy website which includes Philosophy Forums where you can discuss this article and other philosophical topics.

You may republish this article as long as you give credit to Scott Hughes and keep both links intact.

Small Business 101: Deadly Ignorance

2008-03-11T12:20:00.001-07:00

by Deepak Singh

American small business is again in transition. Many employees, now working from home, are no longer tied to a geographic office and the woes of commuting. This is a relatively new phenomenon with hints of explosive sector growth in the days ahead. As this turbulent economy has forced downsizing, offshore restructuring and closures in large companies, many new entrepreneurs have been born. These are people, who instead of tirelessly attempting to find new employment and possibly enduring the same fate as previously experienced, are now starting small businesses and enjoying the benefits and perils of self-employment.

There's an old story telling of an Admiral's decision to fight a battle against overwhelming odds. It seems that he was approaching the coast of an enemy land, with a larger naval force closing in from behind and a great army approaching from the land ahead. He prayed and then addressed his men. He announced that their battle weary forces would land on the beach ahead, dig in and prepare for the upcoming battle. There was no turning back and no other alternative. He ordered their ships burned after they landed. Their only choice was to fight to win or perish. They defeated their enemy because he eliminated any other escape route. They were fixed on the goal of survival and none other.

That is the same attitude we as entrepreneurs must take. We cannot afford to be denied. We must grow and prosper or our business will surely perish. We must constantly be looking for ways to cost-effectively market our business and increase sales. We must control costs and have sufficient cash flow for daily operations. Each of us must be persistent, relentless and vigilant. As CEO, we are the manufacturer, the sales team, the marketing department, legal office, accounting office, human resources manager, IT manager, the webmaster and so on. We can't afford to be all these positions. Our job is to sell! We must locate cost effective resources to help us grow and protect our investment in our business.

The growth of the internet has changed our marketplace as well. Years ago, a small business owner decided upon a geographic chunk of the market and set up shop. Today, that shop is typically located in an office at the entrepreneur's home. The marketplace is now the world. The costs of marketing products and communicating worldwide are so low that almost anyone can take part in this revolution. Sophisticated voice mail, cell phones, email and effective ecommerce web sites now provide the illusion of size and grandeur for even the smallest home-based business. The end customer typically has no idea whether their supplier is local or across the world. He may be dressed in a shirt and tie or in his pajamas! All that typically matters is that the exchange of product and services is successfully made for a profit.

It is critically important for the small, home-based entrepreneur to be aware of resources available to her as she makes this great leap. Too many people leap prematurely into business only to fail because of poor planning and insufficient financial resources. Do not get caught in this trap. Don't quit your day job until you have enough cash on hand to pay the bills for at least a year into your new venture. Become aware of and develop the resources available to you. You want everything possible going for you as you make this leap of faith into the entrepreneurial world.

Here in South Carolina, we have the outstanding Women's Business Center (http://www.scwbc.org), a division of the SCMEP, South Carolina Manufacturers Extension Partnership (http://www.scmep.org), one of the best kept secrets available to businesses at all levels in our State. Other States have similar programs modeled after ours. These are incredible resources, partially funded by the State and private resources, available at little to no cost to entrepreneurs, with the purpose of aiding the successful growth of small business.

There are also numerous magazines devoted to small business, home-based business, marketing, sales, accounting, etc… Get tuned in to these and other resources available to you. Read your industry publications to stay abreast of competition and other facets of your business interests.

A single legal issue, FACTA problem, accounting error or marketing miscue can put you out of business. In the case of FACTA, insufficient security or poor record-keeping these days could find you legally responsible for a single employee's identity fraud issue, which may end up being very costly. A single lawsuit or vendor dispute can shut you down. Many entrepreneurs are ignorant, ill-prepared and under-schooled with regard to these and other issues. Do not get caught in the deadly ignorance trap.

There is more opportunity available today than ever before for the wise entrepreneur. Get all you ducks in a row before you make the fateful leap into the new world marketplace. Be smart, learn all you can as quickly as possible and take action on your ideas. Like the Admiral, be determined to win in the face of what may appear to be overwhelming adversity.

For More Free Resources visit www.greateducationonline.com

The Government Wants Private Schools to go Away

2008-03-10T03:42:00.000-07:00

by Online Education Sites

So naturally you want to turn to objective leaders in the area of child and adolescent education to give you that balanced viewpoint that will help you make a wise choice for your child. Private school is expensive so you want to make sure that if you go that route, you are doing the right thing for your child and the better education and school experience will be worth the money.
Traditionally we do look to the counselors and the leadership at the local public school to guide our educational decisions. But you might want to think twice about following the advice of people how are on the payroll of the government supported public school about whether you should pull your child out and enroll him or her in private school for the next semester. That is because these public school employees are far from objective and for the most part wish that private schools and home schooling would go away entirely.

The reasons for the dislike of private schools by the administration of public schools is pretty easy to understand. The state pays each public school $7500 for each student who completes a grade level at a public school. That means that every breathing human they can pack into their schools means more money for their budgets. The explosion of popularity in home schooling and private schools has hurt the attendance levels at public schools significantly. So they will do all they can to discourage your decision simply because you are taking money out of their budget if your child doesn’t warm a chair in their school.

But the animosity toward private schools goes even deeper than just numbers and money. The truth is that even the best of public schools do a pretty mediocre job of educating the students in their care. This is a typical situation when a public service is handled by a government agency that functions as though it was a monopoly. You get that feeling from public schools that they think they are the only option you have so you have to jump through their hoops because there are no other schools and the law stipulates you have your children in school.

But there are other options that public schools pretty much pretend are not there and those opinions are the dozens of quality private schools in your community. Almost without exception the quality of education that students get at private schools is noticeably higher than at public schools. Students do better, are happier and far more productive at private schools where the emphasis is on excellence and on the joy of learning as it should be.

This distinction is an embarrassment to the public school system. And the more people that know that public schools are so inferior to private schools, the faster the private school phenomenon will spread which will only continue to drive the public school system out of existence. Furthermore because parents of students who are exceptional either academically or in terms of special talents and gifts commonly take such students to private schools where those talents can be nurtured and developed. This takes the best and the brightest out of the public school system and leaves “the rest”.

By learning these facts from objective sources, you can make a wise decision about whether to put your child in private school. And the chances are if you do make that change, you will be happier with the results and your child’s years in the educational system will be so much better as well.

To read more about Private Vs Public Schools, head over to www.learninghow.com.au and find all the educational resources you need.

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How To Pass Any Exam In 8 Simple Steps

2008-03-07T03:38:00.000-08:00

By P Oversol

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For many people who are studying for any particular course or qualification, exams can leave some stuck and frightened to the point that they skip exams and end up failing their course altogether even though they are very competent at what they may be studying at the time. Follow these steps to blast away any fears.

1. Put yourself in exam mode by having a deep reason for passing your exam(s)

This is probably the most important step to passing your exam. If you don't have a reason or passing, then why would you? try to stoke up a little emotional force to propel you to success. In my case I wanted to get what some refer to a "first" which means being ale to pass the exam with a pass rate of over 70%. This would allow me to have a better choice of work where ever I go in the world. If you can do this, you create a powerful driving force that makes it easy for you to achieve anything.

2. Make sure that you make a schedule for yourself, so that you leave yourself time to work and play.

If you are constantly studying, revising without taking breaks to relax, you will probably exhaust yourself. This won't do you much good. I make sure that for every 2hrs that I study, I take at least a 20 minute break. This allows your mind to store and sort the information you were studying and allows for easier access when you need to recall it.

3. As you study, use different colored mind maps to make notes.

This is one of the tools that I'll always swear by. If you go to my site, you will see many resources on how to create mind maps. The term is modern, but the technique has been around for many many years. By using this method of note taking you learn many times more and the information stays available longer. This is because this technique copies the way in which the mind associates information.

4. Go over your notes to allow your mind to digest the information you studied.

By going over the information from you mind map, it guarantees that the information will be ready and waiting at the time you are ready to sit your exam. Personally, I am confident to take an exam after about 2 days of reviewing my notes. Its important to note however, that this will vary for different people.

5. lightly go over the text book for your course to get a general overview of the topic

By doing this you further affirm the subject and this can give you a certain power over it. In fact, when I sit n exam, I treat the exam paper almost like a human and apply the attitude that its asking me in an inquisitive nature. By going over the subject text, you will be surprised at how much more information just pours out of you in the exam.

6. Prepare you brain for an easy revision session by doing some light body stretches.

Any physician will tell you that poor oxygen delivery can produce poor physiology. By doing a few stretching exercises before you get down to revising, this will allow for a good supply of oxygen flow to the brain which will provide you with better resource for memory, thinking, problem solving etc.

7. Listen to some calming music before the exam.

To prepare your brain for optimum performance, you should get yourself into a state of 'relaxed alertness'. I tend to listen to world music or what some would term 'new age'. This gets me relaxed and prepared for anything that I need to prepare for.

8. If you ever get stuck on a question, tell yourself that you know the answer, and its coming to you right now. Then leave that question alone and move over to the next one.

If you've followed the previous steps, you know that you've looked over the required information at some point during your revision/studies. Your mind already has the information, you've made a request for the information, so now all you need to do is get out of the way and let the information come to you. I have always done this when I have hit a brick wall with a question. I just tell myself: "I know the answer to this question and its coming to me now". I then forget all about that question, and move onto the next one. Usually within the next few minutes the question comes flying into my mind and then I go back to write it down.

Prince has helped many people achieve their goals in their chosen field of study. For more free study tips and downloads go to http://www.first-class-degree.com/

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Planetary Defense - Who Will Save Earth? - NEO's - The Cosmic Threat to Civilization's Survival

2008-03-05T03:57:00.000-08:00

by Space Viz

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What would happen if something the size of a mountain, flying at 26 000 miles per hour (41 843 kilometers per hour), hit the Earth? Do our Governments have a plan in place to protect us from such a calamitous event? Judging by the administration's sluggish response both before and after Hurricane Katrina the likely answer is 'No'.

We live in a busy Solar System with lots of moving parts. Many of those parts consist of stony-iron materials known as asteroids and many of these rocky bodies have yet to be discovered and could impact with Earth at any time.

There are also many icy bodies, known as Comets. They live out past the orbits of Neptune. Any stirring of their orbits, perhaps nudged by gravitational forces of nearby stars can change their trajectories for a visit into the inner Solar System putting them on a potential collision course with Earth, also at any time.

Scientists Study Recent Developments

In January 2008 there was some news that an asteroid, known as 2007 WD5, might hit Mars. The resulting impact was projected to be similar in size to Meteor Crater, an impact crater a mile-wide in Arizona, formed in a flash of white light and fireball, when an asteroid struck there 50 000 years ago.

Around the same time, another asteroid known as 2007 TU 24 was discovered in November 2007 by the Catalina Sky Survey on October 11, 2007. Calculations determined it would pass near the Earth, on January 29, 2008, just outside the orbit of the Moon, which is considered very close in astronomical terms.

2007 TU 24 is between 150 and 600 meters in diameter. The average interval between actual Earth impacts for an object this size is estimated to be about 37 000 years. Radar Observations of 2007 TU 24 were made at the Goldstone, California in late January and early February. This will permit later 3D shape reconstruction.

In July 1994, twenty-one fragments of Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 smashed into Jupiter, leaving black and brown blotches on the planet for over a year, each blotch itself, the size of Earth. Astronomers have yet to witness an asteroid impact with another planet.

Therefore the opportunity to witness the 2007 WD5 impact on Mars was exciting to astronomers and scientists who wanted to make measurements of these types of objects as well as calculations and impact scenarios of what might happen should an asteroid, or a comet, impact with the Earth.

The Mars impact never took place as the asteroid cruised by without incident; a disappointment to astronomers who lost an opportunity to observe the direct effects of an asteroid impact on a planet similar to Earth.

Luckily for us though, the asteroid 2007 TU 24 also missed Earth. I couldn't help wondering how we would actually have responded if the scientists had told us that the Earth-bound asteroid was headed directly for us and that, according to their calculations there was no way it was going to miss us!

How Worried Should We Be?

One of the main problems we have right now is the lack of an effective response. Even if we knew that an asteroid or comet was headed straight for us, and even if we had plenty of warning ahead of time, what would we do? Once we detect them we still have to figure out some way to safely and reliably destroy or deflect them. To date, such methods do not exist in practicum, only in theory. No missions to prove the ability to move or destroy an asteroid or comet have ever been undertaken by any country.

If an asteroid were to hit Earth, impact would likely be in the oceans as Earth is over 70% water. The effects of such an impact could include Tsunamis, which would be devastating to small Island nations and coastlines on the main land on both sides of the ocean, or could be as devastating as planet-wide environmental collapse if the projectile is large enough to punch through the ocean floor.

An asteroid could also hit land, including cities, again causing anywhere from local to global devastation depending on the size of the impactor. Food chains, transportation, infrastructure could all be leveled with a moderate impact and civilization itself can be jeopardized.

A big impact would jeopardize the survival of the entire planet, not just food chains and civilization, by kicking up tones of dust and soot high into the atmosphere, similar to gigantic volcanic eruptions which would block out the sun and change climate, killing off vegetation as temperatures plummet and no access to solar energy for photosynthesis.

When looking at the Moon, Mercury, Mars and even the Earth itself, we can see the pock-marks that tell the tale of their respective histories. As the Moon and Mercury are not subject to the forces of erosion, their battle-worn landscapes bear the scars of countless impact craters displayed in plain view; harsh reminders of the reality of every planet's life in the brutal environment of space. These pock-marks should act as a reminder that "It's not a matter of If an impact will happen, but when!"

According to David Morrison at NASA-AMES in an article he wrote in September 1998, on average a NEO with about 1 million megatons energy (roughly 2 km in diameter) collides with the Earth once or twice per million years, statistically speaking. An impact of this size would kill a substantial proportion of the Earth's population and have a devastating and lasting effect on Earth's environment. What such a statistic does not tell you of course is whether the impact will occur one million years from today, or one week from today. What is interesting to note is that the impact that most scientists believe is responsible for causing the extinction of the dinosaurs occurred 65 million years ago. That may well make us long overdue for an extinction-level strike.

Is Anyone Doing Anything About This Situation?

US Military budgets do not include Earth's protection. The US military does not even have a mission to worry about it. The military agenda of all countries is to defend their respective countries' interests. To date, NEO's are not of formal interest to any military. No country or conglomerate of countries has undertaken the task, officially, to protect the Earth from NEOs.

Were an imminent impact to happen, would the government(s) even tell us at all? We have already determined that governments are not prepared to intercede, intercept and save the day. In February 2008 the US Air Force shot down an orbiting US Spy Satellite. The satellite was traveling at near asteroid speeds, at 23 000 miles per hour. Impressive as that was, who would save Earth from an impending impact?

"Space Guardians" around the world are hunting for these potentially hazardous Near Earth Objects. (That term, Space Guardians, was created by myself and based on Sir Arthur C. Clarke's novel "Rendezvous with Rama" which featured an NEO search program called Space Guard. Sir Arthur C. Clarke very much appreciates that reference.)

The major US-based searches include the most productive sky survey, the Catalina Sky Survey, run by Steve Larson, with searches in both the Northern and Southern hemispheres. The remaining searches are all uniquely located in the Northern hemisphere with money provided by NASA. They include: the US Air Force operated LINEAR program from Lincoln Laboratories, run by Grant Stokes and NEAT (Near Earth Asteroid Tracking) a JPL run operation. Spacewatch is yet another NEO search founded by Tom Gehrels and Robert McMillan and run by Robert McMillan, based near Tucson, Arizona. Finally, the Lowell Observatory in Flagstaff, Arizona, has a search called LONEOS (Lowell Observatory Near Earth Object Search) run by Ted Bowell. There are also countless amateur astronomers around the world that help in tracking the known asteroids (sometimes even finding a few new ones themselves).

Is Luck a Sensible Strategy?

We know what will happen. It is inevitable. We've witnessed impacts on other worlds. Scientists are convinced that it was a Comet that wiped out the dinosaurs 65 million years ago.

The big impact at Tunguska in 1908 is the latest major event of its kind on Earth. Luckily it exploded over an uninhabited part of Siberia and only one person died as a result. However, the explosion was equal to that at Hiroshima and the trees that were felled for miles around the impact site remain so to this day.

While very few people on Earth consider these very real dangers from Space, thousands of relentless NEO's traveling silently through the night go on indifferently about their business.

Space Viz is a film maker, musician, editor, interviewer and author, based on Earth, with one child and a planet to save.

Space Viz has a Science background and a Fine Arts degree. He is a science buff, an amateur astronomer and speaks at Special 'Science' Events throughout the world. He is often invited to speak (or Key Note Address) to the general public-at-large in a succinct, educational and entertaining way about astronomical phenomena. His advice is sought after by the local media.

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